THE 
WORLD  WAR 


THE  ROAD  TO 
PEACE 


T.  B.  McLI-OD 


a 


Be- 


t 


.ffe 


THE  MACMILLAN  COMPANY 

W«W  YORK  •    BOSTON  •   CHICAGO  •    DALLAS 
ATLANTA  •    SAN   FRANCISCO 

MACMILLAN  &  CO.,  LIMITED 

LONDON  •    BOMBAY  •    CALCUTTA 
MELBOURNE 

THE  MACMILLAN  CO.  OF  CANADA,  Lm. 

TORONTO 


THE  WORLD  WAR 

AND 

THE  ROAD  TO  PEACE 


BY 

T.  B.  McLEOD 


WITH  AN  tjnfy&bo&t&n  NOTE 

BrfS.  PAflKES  CADMAN 


THE  MACMILLAN  COMPANY 

1918 

All  right*  reserved 


COPYEIGHT,    1918 

Bii  TrfE*  MACMALAN  COMPANY 


•  • 

Sejc  up  ana  'printed.  "  PoBMMed,  ^larch,  1918 


TO 

ALL  LOVERS  OF  PEACE 

WHICH  IS  THE  OFFSPRING  OF 

RIGHTEOUSNESS  AND  TRUTH 

AND  TWIN  SISTER  OF 

LIBERTY 

THE  FOLLOWING  PAGES  ARE 

OFFERED  BY  THE 

AUTHOR 


work  of  righteousness  shall 
be  peace,  and  the  effect  of  righteous- 
ness quietness  and  assurance  forever." 


208471 5 


Much  that  has  been  spoken  and  writ- 
ten in  these  piping  times  about  pacifism 
and  the  pacifist  has  fallen  short  of  its 
purpose,  and  chiefly  because  the  critics 
have  allowed  their  zeal  to  run  into  vio- 
lence. 

A  people  at  white  heat  are  apt  to  have 
scant  patience  with  lack  of  fervency, 
and  to  give  short  shrift  to  any  who  may 
hang  back.  Caution  is  mistaken  for 
hostility,  and  doubt  for  treason.  We 
are  also  prone  to  overlook  the  psycho- 
logical fact  that  error  is  seldom  if  ever 
cured  by  cursing  it.  Wrong  opinion 
like  clay  is  stiffened  rather  than  sof- 
tened by  fire.  Men  are  not  convinced 
with  a  cudgel,  or  brought  to  terms  by 
recrimination.  Opposition  may  for  a 


FOREWORD 

time  be  subdued,  but  it  is  not  perma- 
nently conquered  by  sheer  force.  Re- 
proval  and  rebuke  in  order  to  succeed 
must  be  carried  on  with  all  longsuffer- 
ing  as  well  as  doctrine.  Even  those  of 
us  who  count  ourselves  rooted  and 
grounded  in  the  truth  do  not  relish  hav- 
ing truth  thrust  at  us  on  the  prongs  of 
a  pitchfork. 

Then,  besides,  this  damnatory  method 
of  dealing  with  the  pacifist  fails  to  sat- 
isfy a  large  number  of  people  who, 
though  themselves  militaristic  for  the 
moment,  are  loath  to  believe  that  so 
many  men  and  women  of  exemplary 
character  are  pacifistically  inclined 
without  any  rhyme  or  reason.  Their 
reason  to  be  sure  may  not  appear  sound 
on  examination,  but  may  it  not  be  sin- 
cere? And  if  sincere  is  it  not  entitled 
to  the  respect  which  men  usually  accord 
sincerity?  The  American  pacifist  is 
not  necessarily  a  traitor,  neither  is  he  a 


FOREWORD 

fool,  and  many  of  us  would  like  to  have 
his  creed  stated  fairly  and  discussed 
dispassionately. 

The  writer  has  endeavoured  to  put 
himself  in  the  pacifist's  place;  to  catch 
his  point  of  view;  to  meet. him  squarely 
on  his  own  ground  and  to  show  that  his 
position  is  not  so  impregnable  as  to  ren- 
der the  reconsideration  of  it  by  himself 
a  waste  of  time. 

The  writer  moreover  entertains  mod- 
estly the  hope  that  the  following  pages 
may  be  of  assistance  to  some  who  while 
in  hearty  sympathy  with  the  nation  in 
the  present  crisis  may  be  at  a  loss  on 
the  spur  of  the  moment  to  give  a  reason 
for  the  faith  that  is  in  them. 
T.  B. 


INTRODUCTORY  NOTE 

It  is  superfluous  to  introduce  Dr. 
McLeod  to  the  religious  world.  He  has 
long  been  known  and  recognised  on  both 
sides  of  the  Atlantic  as  a  thinker  and  a 
preacher  of  ability  whose  usefulness  in 
common  with  that  of  many  another  di- 
vine has  in  my  judgment  been  curtailed 
by  his  reluctance  to  give  his  utterances 
the  wider  range  which  the  press  affords. 
Fortunately  I  was  permitted  to  read 
the  manuscript  of  this  admirable  and 
weighty  book,  The  World  War  and  the 
Road  to  Peace,  and  presuming  upon 
the  long  and  intimate  friendship  with 
which  the  author  has  honored  me,  I 
urged  its  publication.  After  some  dis- 
cussion and  rather  because  he  deeply 
felt  the  seriousness  of  the  crisis  now 


INTRODUCTORY    NOTE 

upon  the  Christian  Church  than  because 
of  my  request,  he  consented  to  forego  the 
habit  of  a  life-time  and  send  out  a  mes- 
sage which  is  as  earnest  and  devout  as  it 
is  wise  and  timely.  I  shall  not  be 
guilty  of  the  impertinence  of  summar- 
izing the  argument  which  the  author 
pursues ;  nor,  shall  I  in  any  way  antici- 
pate the  profit  to  be  obtained  from  the 
author's  discussion  or  the  reader's  pleas- 
ure in  a  style  which  is  as  lucid  as  light, 
and  possesses  a  pungency  reminiscent 
of  Thomas  Huxley  at  his  best.  The 
theme  has  already  been  treated  by  nu- 
merous writers:  by  some  with  clarity 
and  conclusiveness :  by  others  in  that 
sentimental  temper  which  defeats  jus- 
tice in  its  yearning  for  a  fictitious  peace. 
But  few  I  have  noted  have  brought  to 
the  debate  a  fuller  knowledge  of  its  is- 
sues than  Dr.  McLeod  displays,  and 
none  have  expressed  them  to  better 
effect.  The  balance  and  sobriety  of  a 


INTRODUCTORY    NOTE 

mature  mind  are  apparent  on  every 
page,  and  this  putting  of  a  vexed  case 
cannot  fail  to  be  greatly  helpful  and 
even  illuminating  to  thoughtful  preach- 
ers, teachers,  lecturers,  and  laymen  gen- 
erally, who  have  constantly  pondered 
the  questions  at  stake  and  doubtless  have 
often  felt  what  Dr.  McLeod  here  says 
and  says  so  well.  Perhaps  it  is  need- 
less for  me  to  add  that  I  heartily  indorse 
the  main  positions  he  takes  and  so  ade- 
quately defends.  Nor  can  I  find  any 
satisfactory  refutation  for  his  apolo- 
getic in  behalf  of  righteousness  as  the 
source  of  peace.  The  dangerous  ten- 
dencies which  are  neither  moral  nor  im- 
moral so  much  as  they  are  non-moral, 
and  which  make  for  peace  as  though  it 
were  not  a  derivative  of  justice  are  here 
candidly  stated,  and  the  appointed  path 
to  the  concord  we  all  crave  clearly  indi- 
cated. I  am  thankful  that  Dr.  McLeod 
has  written  this  book  and  I  believe  it 


INTRODUCTORY    NOTE 

will  be  an  instrumentality  for  great 
good  in  every  circle  where  it  is  received. 
It  is  much  in  small  compass;  a  com- 
pressed, concentrated,  vigorous  bro- 
chure, catholic  in  spirit,  unmistakable 
in  aim,  and  having  the  truest  eloquence ; 
the  eloquence  which  belongs  solely  to  an 
unfaltering  grasp  of  fundamental  reali- 
ties. 

S.  PARKES  CABMAN. 


CONTENTS 


II 

UNDEBATABLE  GROUND     .     .     .     .16 

III 

PACIFICISM  IN  TERMS  OF  EELIGION    31 

IV 

PACIFICISM    IN    TERMS    OF    CON- 
SCIENCE   42 

V 

PACIFICISM  IN  TERMS  OF  HUMANITY    57 

VI 

COMPENSATIONS 77 

VII 

THE  REAL  ROAD  TO  PEACE    .     .     .96 


The  World  War  and 
the  Road  to  Peace 

i 

A    PLAIN    WORD    WITH    THE    PACIFIST 

IN  these  excited  times  words  are  apt 
to  run  high  and  high  words  serve  no 
good  purpose;  certainly  they  do  not 
make  for  peace,  whereas  plain  words  if 
spoken  in  a  kindly  spirit  may  hope  for 
a  tolerant  hearing,  and  if  they  do  not 
leave  their  auditor  in  a  better  mind  they 
at  least  do  not  leave  him  with  a  bitter 
heart. 

And  yet  it  takes  courage  under  some 
circumstances  to  speak  plain  words  es- 
pecially when  you  are  to  speak  them  to 


2  THE    WORLD    WAR   AND 

your  good  friends  whose  flesh  is  still 
quivering  under  the  stinging  lash  of 
criticism.  Plain  words  however  well 
meant  may  prove  under  such  circum- 
stances as  unacceptable  as  blisters  on 
raw  wounds. 

At  the  roll  call  of  pacifists  I  hear 
with  no  little  regret  responses  from 
some  whom  I  am  proud  to  number 
among  my  personal  friends  who  not  only 
deserve  but  command  my  confidence  and 
admiration  —  men  of  unchallenged  in- 
tegrity in  the  commercial  world,  of  rec- 
ognized standing  and  ability  in  the  lit- 
erary world,  holding  high  places  in  the 
Public  Service,  eminent  as  preachers  of 
righteousness  and  peace  in  the  religious 
world.  It  is  easy  to  see  therefore  how 
one  possessed  of  ordinary  modesty  re- 
coils from  the  task,  though  it  be  self- 
imposed,  of  having  a  plain  word  with 
men  to  whom  he  is  accustomed  to  listen 
with  deference,  whose  advice  he  covets 


THE    ROAD    TO    PEACE  3 

on  matters  of  business,  whose  writings 
enrich  his  mind,  at  whose  feet  he  gladly 
sits  and  waits  for  instruction  in  right- 
eousness and  guidance  in  the  way  of  life. 

One  does  not  like  to  find  himself  at 
variance  with  such  men,  much  less  to 
assume  the  role  of  censor  or  of  counsel- 
lor, though  moved  by  an  irresistible  im- 
pulse to  speak  a  plain  word  to  them  for 
the  good  of  their  souls.  The  writer  be- 
sides suffers  from  an  instinctive  aver- 
sion to  controversy  of  any  sort,  whether 
with  the  sword,  or  with  the  pen,  or  with 
the  tongue.  Dissension  distresses  him; 
even  discussion  gets  on  his  nerves. 
Rather  than  insist  on  his  point,  his  im- 
pulse is  to  agree  with  his  adversary 
quickly. 

There  are  two  possible  predicaments 
which  confront  the  man  who  is 
prompted  to  speak  to  the  pacifist  just 
now,  neither  of  which  can  well  be 
avoided.  One  of  these  is  the  likelihood 


4  THE   WOBLD   WAS   AND 

of  being  numbered  with  those  offensive 
opponents  of  pacificism  who  work  off 
their  opposition  in  wordy  abuse.  They 
call  hard  names ;  they  pronounce  inflam- 
matory judgments ;  they  rail ;  they  pre- 
fer charges  of  disloyalty  and  treason. 
In  portioning  out  rebuke  discrimination 
has  been  cast  to  the  winds.  While  it  is 
true  that  all  pro-Germans,  Sinn-Feiners, 
Bolshevikis,  slackers,  cowards,  traitors 
are  pacifists,  it  is  not  true  that  all  pacif- 
ists are  pro-German.  But  all  pacifists, 
the  pro-German  and  the  patriotic  alike, 
have  been  brewed  in  the  same  mortar 
with  the  same  grinding  pestle  of  wrath- 
ful accusation. 

Here  then  is  one  unpleasant  predica- 
ment, namely,  that  if  I  venture  my  plain 
word  I  shall  be  turned  down  at  the  very 
start  as  one  more  of  those  terrible  ogres 
who  delight  in  billingsgate  and  love  to 
fondle  every  opponent  with  a  club. 

Failing  to  escape  this  fate  I  stand  in 


THE   KOAD    TO    PEACE  5 

for  the  other  thing  that  I  have  dreaded. 
For  the  pacifist  is  not  as  peaceable  as 
he  looks.  When  set  upon  he  is  a  hard 
hitter.  He  does  not  sit  down  and  ac- 
quiescently accept  as  chastisement  from 
the  hand  of  the  Lord  the  criticisms  of 
men  no  better  than  himself.  He  strikes 
back  and  fiercely  sometimes;  and  I  can 
hardly  expect  to  escape  some  share  of 
the  retaliatory  shelling  meted  out  in 
full  measure  to  those  who  in  their  zeal 
apply  to  the  pacifist  such  terms  as  pussy- 
foot, and  molly-coddle,  and  fifty-fifty. 
The  recent  lurid  fulminations  against 
his  foes  by  one  of  our  most  eminent  and 
influential  pacifists  ought  to  serve  as  a 
warning  to  timid  souls  who  may  be 
tempted  to  take  issue  with  him  and  his 
brethren.  In  his  sabbath  temper,  he  ex- 
horts us  all,  when  men  are  saying  hot 
and  scorching  things,  to  use  language 
which  is  free  from  heat,  and  to  take 
heed  unto  our  ways  that  we  sin  not  with 


6  THE    WORLD    WAR   AND 

our  tongue.  After  reading  this  ex- 
hortation, one  is  more  than  surprised  by 
the  bituminous  rhetoric  which  this 
peace-loving  preacher  of  righteousness 
employs  as  a  vent  for  his  holy  wrath. 
I  dread  being  told  as  this  pacifist  has 
told  others  that  my  patriotic  utterances 
are  "  howlings,"  that  my  best  meant  ef- 
fort to  inspire  others  with  my  own  sen- 
timents of  loyalty  is  only  a  "  feverish 
frenzy,"  and  that  if  I  attempt  to  stir  up 
the  lukewarm  I  cannot  hope  to  have  the 
countenance  of  the  sanest  and  noblest 
men  of  the  country  (meaning  pacifists 
of  course). 

Even  though  my  withers  are  as  yet 
unwrung,  I  can  hardly  abstain  from 
shivering  as  I  read  the  mordant  chas- 
tisement which  the  press  receives  al 
this  pacifist's  hands  or  rather  his  mouth. 
"  Fortunately,"  he  says,  "  New  York 
papers  are  not  taken  seriously  outside 
of  the  city.  They  are  despised  in  the 


THE   ROAD    TO    PEACE  7 

West  and  distrusted  in  the  South. 
They  are  Prussianized,  and  what  they 
are  now  teaching  is  the  Gospel  of  Pots- 
dam. The  daily  press  with  a  few  hon- 
ourable exceptions  —  presumably  the 
Hearst  papers  and  the  Stoats  Zeitung, 
et  al.  —  is  owned  by  capitalists  (let  col- 
leges and  churches  take  notice,  for  they 
are  not  altogether  free  from  the  baneful 
influence  of  the  capitalist),  shouts  for 
big  armies  and  navies  and  urges  the  na- 
tion to  war.  Editors  are  dabblers  in 
world  politics;  they  sit  in  their  oflices, 
affect  to  speak  with  the  oracular  finality 
of  Jove,  caricature  and  slander  clergy- 
men and  others  who  believe  in  patience 
and  sacrifice,  and  show  by  their  conduct 
as  well  as  by  their  words  that  they  have 
been  with  Jesus." 

Nor  is  the  business  man  spared. 
"  The  munition  makers,  money  lenders, 
defence  committees  bring  to  bear  on 
Congress  the  utmost  amount  of  pressure 


8  THE    WOELD    WAB   AND 

possible  in  order  to  plunge  the  nation 
into  war." 

This  is  rather  hard  hitting  by  the  man 
who  has  just  exhorted  us  to  take  heed 
unto  our  ways  that  we  offend  not  with 
our  tongue.  Perhaps  he  makes  a  nice 
distinction  between  offences  with  the 
tongue  and  offences  with  the  pen. 

I  have  quoted  these  from  abundant 
sayings  of  like  tenor  by  this  preacher  of 
the  gospel  of  peace  in  order  to  show  that 
unless  one  is  prepared  to  take  his  medi- 
cine, or  to  swallow  whole  the  pacifist 
creed,  he  might  better  keep  away  from 
the  front  benches  and  remain  mute. 

Nevertheless,  now  that  I  have  started 
I  am  resolved  to  face  the  music  and  have 
my  say.  Indeed  my  courage  revives  as 
I  think  of  the  large  number  of  honest, 
open-minded  *  pacifists  who  neither  bark 
nor  bite,  and  who  are  seriously  opposed 
to  militancy  by  word  as  well  as  by 
sword.  They  see  and  understand  that 


THE    ROAD    TO    PEACE  9 

the  tongue  is  a  fire,  a  world  of  iniquity, 
and  is  set  on  fire  of  hell ;  that  words  can 
do  as  much  harm  as  bullets;  are  as  a 
matter  of  fact  more  dangerous,  for  the 
worst  thing  a  bullet  can  do  is  to  kill  the 
body,  whereas  a  word  can  kill  the  soul. 
To  shed  the  blood  of  an  enemy  in  fair 
fight  is  a  venial  sin  compared  with  the 
assassination  of  character  by  lying  lips. 
Indeed  one  need  not  even  use  the  lips  in 
a  deadly  assault  on  character.  A  shrug 
of  the  shoulder  or  a  tilt  of  the  eyebrow 
will  do  the  trick.  There  is  no  compari- 
son as  to  the  savagery  of  spraying  one's 
social  rivals  with  labial  vitriol  and  that 
of  spraying  the  enemy  on  the  field  with 
shrapnel.  Slashing  other  folks  with  a 
serpent's  tongue  is  a  vile  form  of  fight- 
ing compared  with  the  use  of  physical 
force. 

I  am  not  saying  all  this  by  way  of 
justifying  militarism  so-called.  Two 
bad  eggs  cannot  be  depended  on  to  make 


10  THE   WOELD   WAE   AND 

a  good  omelet;  but  I  am  saying  it  in 
order  to  indicate  that  the  pacifist  is  also 
capable  of  bad  blood,  and  also  to  suggest 
that  as  long  as  he  neglects  to  remove  the 
beam  out  of  his  own  eye,  he  would  better 
not  attempt  to  remove  the  mote  from  the 
militaristic  eye. 

My  courage  to  go  on  with  what  I  have 
to  say  is  further  stiffened  by  the  convic- 
tion that  as  a  general  rule  pacifists  like 
other  folk  are  amenable  to  reason;  and 
not  only  so,  but  are  keen  enough  to  note 
the  difference  between  sound  reason  and 
sophistry,  even  when  sophistry  drapes 
itself  in  a  gown  and  speaks  from  a  pul- 
pit. No  more  worthy  of  confidence  is 
it  there  than  if  it  spoke  from  an  anvil 
and  wore  a  leathern  apron.  Sophistry 
is  to  sound  reason  what  charlatanry  is 
to  science ;  what  pedantry  is  to  scholar- 
ship; what  quackery  is  to  medicine; 
what  daubery  is  to  art.  You  may  re- 
bind  and  label  one  of  Zola's  novels 


THE    ROAD    TO    PEACE  11 

"  moral  philosophy,"  but  by  doing  so 
you  will  not  make  it  wholesome  read- 
ing. 

"  A  man  may  cry,  Church,  Church, 
And  be  no  better  than  other  people; 
A  daw  isn't  a  religious  bird 
Because  it  keeps  a  cawing  from  a  steeple." 

Take  a  sample  or  two  of  the  sophistry 
to  the  use  of  which  some  pacifists  will 
descend  for  the  purpose  of  supporting 
their  doctrine.  One  of  them  asks  us  to 
compare  pacifism  and  militarism,  and 
to  aid  us  in  the  comparison  he  defines 
pacifism  and  then  he  defines  militarism. 
How  do  you  suppose  he  defines  the  lat- 
ter ?  "  The  militarist,"  he  says,  "  be- 
lieves in  war;  believes  war  is  a  good 
part  of  the  normal  and  wholesome  life 
of  the  nation,  and  that  without  war 
nations  stagnate  and  the  fibre  of  civi- 
lization rots.  The  militarist  believes 
that  war  is  the  mother  of  virtues  and 
that  without  war  at  short  intervals  men 


12  THE    WOBLD    WAE    AND 

lose  their  fighting  edge  and  that  virile 
qualities  grow  feeble  and  have  a  tend- 
ency to  disappear."  Now  the  writer 
of  this  stuff  knew  when  he  wrote  it  that 
there  is  not  a  man  or  woman  on  the 
continent  of  North  America  who  be- 
lieves any  such  thing  of  an  American 
militarist,  not  one  man  or  woman. 
There  are  plenty  of  people  in  Germany 
who  believe  it.  In  fact  this  is  the  Ger- 
man appraisal  of  war,  but  this  gym- 
nosophist  of  ours  in  order  to  strengthen 
his  pacifist  creed  in  the  eyes  of  the 
American  people  draws  a  picture,  not 
of  American  militarism  but  of  German 
militarism,  hoping  I  suppose  that  lit- 
tle children  and  feeble-minded  folk  will 
be  moved  to  tears  by  the  contrast. 
This  is  not  sound  reasoning;  this  is 
cheap  sophistry. 

Take  another  specimen  of  intellec- 
tual legerdemain  by  this  same  pacifist. 
After  examining  it  one  is  left  in  doubt 


THE    ROAD    TO    PEACE  13 

as  to  whether  his  aim  is  to  make  out  a 
case  against  the  British,  or  to  soften 
our  judgment  of  Germany's  guilt,  or 
both;  but  whatever  his  purpose,  the 
baseness  of  his  acrobatic  performance  is 
apparent  to  all.  "  If  Germany  is 
drowning  the  women  and  children  of 
England,  England  is  starving  the 
women  and  children  of  Germany." 
He  has  nothing  to  say,  you  observe, 
about  the  murder  of  American  women 
and  children  by  Germany.  "  It  is  as 
devilish  to  starve  German  women  and 
children  on  land,  as  to  drown  English 
women  and  children  in  the  sea."  "  The 
British  blockade  is  as  illegal,  indefensi- 
ble, devilish  as  the  German  blockade  by 
submarines  " ;  —  and  now  that  we  have 
placed  an  embargo  on  foodstuffs  likely 
to  reach  Germany,  our  act  also  is  il- 
legal, indefensible  and  devilish. 

The  blockade  of  the  ports  of  an  en- 
emy has  the  sanction  of  international 


14  THE    WORLD    WAS,   AITD 

law,  whereas  the  murder  of  women  and 
children  is  an  atrocity  condemned  of 
heaven  and  earth.  This  author  tries  to 
make  out  that  the  holding  up  of  neutral 
mail  and  the  interruption  of  merchant 
ships  on  their  way  with  aid  and  com- 
fort for  the  enemy  is  every  bit  as  il- 
legal, defensible,  and  devilish  as  the 
slaughter  of  innocents  on  the  high  seas 
which  they  have  a  perfect  right  to 
travel.  Why  does  he  not  go  on  and 
ameliorate  Germany's  crime  in  bombing 
undefended  towns,  hospital  ships,  and 
hospitals,  and  murdering  little  children 
in  school  and  babies  in  their  cradles; 
why  does  he  not?  Because  this  would 
rather  hurt  his  case  in  the  eyes  of  those 
whom  he  wants  to  persuade.  This 
pacifist  has  surely  lost  his  compass,  and 
his  standard  of  values  has  been  mislaid. 
Pacifists  generally  will  not  hesitate  to 
repudiate  this  sort  of  work  in  their  be- 
half;  just  as  they  will  not  hesitate  to 


THE    ROAD    TO    PEACE  15 

repudiate  all  vituperation  and  the  call- 
ing of  hard  names.  The  subject  which 
is  engaging  the  attention  of  Americans 
just  now  is  too  serious  to  admit  of  word 
play  and  mutual  recrimination. 


II 

UNDEBATABLE    GROUJiTD 

AS  we  approach  a  free,  flexible,  and 
friendly  discussion  of  this   sub- 
ject, we  will  be  surprised  to  find  at  how 
many  points  we  find  ourselves  in  agree- 
ment. 

1.  We  are  all  of  one  mind  in  our  ab- 
horrence of  war.  We  all  wish  that  war 
could  never  vex  the  world,  just  as  we 
wish  that  fire  would  not  burn,  or  water 
drown,  or  frost  freeze,  or  sin  damn. 
When  now  and  then  I  am  advised  by 
my  pacifist  friends  that  I  would  be  sur- 
prised to  know  how  many  of  our  people 
detest  war,  my  reply  is  that  I  would  be 
surprised  to  hear  of  a  single  individual 
among  our  population  of  over  100,000,- 
16 


THE    ROAD    TO    PEACE  17 

000,  who  does  not  detest  war,  and  that 
if  detestation  of  war  makes  a  pacifist 
then  we  are  all  pacifists,  and  always 
have  been  and  always  will  be.  The 
grim  business  of  war  has  no  attraction 
for  any  one  of  us.  No  American  citi- 
zen needs  to  be  preached  at  or  to  be  bom- 
barded with  tracts  in  order  that  he  may 
become  sensitive  to  the  horrors  of  war. 
He  hates  war  with  a  perfect  hatred, 
and  he  loves  peace  so  much  that  he  is 
going  to  have  it  even  if  he  must  fight  for 
it.  As  a  people  we  have  many  differ- 
ences. We  differ  widely  on  questions 
governmental,  political,  social,  educa- 
tional, religious.  We  are  by  no  means 
of  one  mind  as  to  the  best  methods  to 
pursue  in  the  development  of  our  na- 
tional life.  We  are  far  apart  in  our 
ideas  about  labour,  capital,  taxation, 
the  franchise;  about  internal  affairs 
and  foreign  relation ;  but  we  are  all  one 
in  our  abhorrence  of  bloodshed.  The 


18  THE    WOBLD    WAE    AND 

tales  that  come  to  us  of  the  loss  of  life, 
the  suffering  and  agony  which  the 
soldiers  and  sailors  endure  are  enough 
to  curdle  the  blood  in  our  veins.  The 
very  thought  of  it  all  fills  us  with  a 
strange  dismay  and  dread,  and  I  am 
sure  that  if  there  were  any  way  out  of 
it,  if  savage  beasts  and  savage  men  could 
be  tamed  and  brought  to  terms  by 
magic,  or  magnetism,  or  moral  suasion, 
there  never  would  be  any  fighting. 
When  it  comes  to  the  frightfulness  of 
war,  the  American  people  know  neither 
militarist  nor  pacifist.  Indeed  the 
common  use  of  these  terms  is  an  abuse 
of  language.  The  American  militarist 
is  not  a  man  who  loves  war,  but  who  has 
reluctantly  come  to  see  that  the  brutal 
power  organized  to  destroy  the  liberties 
and  civilization  of  the  world  can  be  met, 
resisted,  and  overcome  only  by  force  of 
arms.  The  pacifist  on  the  other  hand 
is  not  a  coward.  He  is  not  a  man 


THE    ROAD    TO    PEACE  19 

afraid  to  fight  if  need  be,  but  he  believes 
that  rather  than  resist  by  force  the  des- 
perate demon  who  has  assaulted  the 
peace  and  security  of  the  world  we 
might  better  submit,  and  suffer,  and 
waive  our  rights  until  such  time  as  the 
demon  is  brought  to  his  senses  by  pacific 
means. 

2.  Another  point  about  which  there 
can  be  no  dispute  concerns  the  origin 
and  authorship  of  this  war.  Nobody 
doubts  which  of  the  nations  is  to  blame 
for  the  precipitation  of  the  dire  conflict 
which  has  involved  the  whole  world  in 
such  misery. 

England  with  her  contemptible  little 
army  of  150,000  men  was  in  no  con- 
dition to  go  out  against  the  trained  and 
disciplined  millions  of  the  Central  Pow- 
ers. It  is  matter  of  record  that  Great 
Britain,  France,  and  Russia  exhausted 
every  resource  of  diplomacy  in  their  de- 
sire to  avoid  war.  They  went  on  their 


20  THE    WORLD    WAR   AKD 

knees  almost  before  the  Kaiser  in  their 
entreaties  that  he  would  spare  the  world 
the  catastrophe  into  which  he  and  his 
Potsdam  gang  had  chosen  to  plunge  it. 
Serbia  surely  did  not  want  to  fight. 
Rather  than  get  into  trouble  she  offered 
to  yield  everything  short  of  her  sov- 
ereign rights  as  a  nation.  Poor  little 
Belgium  —  tortured  and  crucified  by 
that  moral  monster  who  has  been  out- 
lawed by  the  civilized  nations  —  did  not 
want  to  fight.  She  drew  the  sword  only 
when  her  territory  was  actually  invaded 
by  the  Hun  in  defiance  of  his  solemn 
oath  to  respect  and  protect  Belgium's 
neutrality.  Italy  did  not  want  to  fight ; 
and  for  a  year  and  a  half  after  war 
broke  out  maintained  a  strict  neutrality. 
And  surely  responsibility  for  this  war 
cannot  be  laid  at  our  door.  The  United 
States  did  not  want  to  fight.  For  two 
and  a  half  years,  in  spite  of  numerous 
provocations  which  no  other  great  self- 


THE    ROAD    TO    PEACE  21 

respecting  nation  would  have  put  up 
with  we  succeeded  in  keeping  out  of 
war.  For  two  and  a  half  years  the 
insolent,  arrogant  German  ogre  kept 
thrusting  his  leering  lineaments  into 
our  face,  but  provoked  nothing  from  us 
in  response  save  an  occasional  mild  pro- 
test. In  the  opinion  of  some  of  us  we 
kept  out  of  the  fight  altogether  too  long ; 
so  long  in  fact  that  the  enemy  decided 
we  were  cowards;  our  friends  judged  us 
to  be  morally  indifferent;  and  we  our- 
selves had  begun  to  lose  all  sense  of  self- 
respect  as  a  nation.  During  this 
period  of  neutrality  we  endured  unpar- 
donable insult  and  outrage  with  unpar- 
donable patience  and  long  suffering. 
Our  hospitality  was  being  barefacedly 
abused  by  the  guests  of  the  nation. 
The  ambassadors  of  the  Central  Powers, 
German  military  and  naval  attaches, 
propagandists,  agents,  spies  were  plot- 
ting against  our  peace;  were  subsidiz- 


22  THE    WORLD    WAS    AND 

ing  our  press;  were  corrupting  our  leg- 
islators ;  were  dynamiting  our  factories ; 
were  sowing  the  seeds  of  dissension 
among  our  people;  were  seeking  to  em- 
broil us  in  war  with  Mexico  and  Japan ; 
were  unleashing  their  submarines  to 
sink  our  merchant  ships  and  to  murder 
our  citizens,  men,  women  and  children. 
There  is  no  American  fit  to  be  at 
large  but  knows  that  we  are  not  respon- 
sible for  this  war,  that  we  did  not  pro- 
voke it,  unless  indeed  our  refusal  to 
become  a  vassal  under  German  suze- 
rainty is  to  be  regarded  as  provocation. 
To  quote  the  words  of  President  Wilson, 
"  It  is  plain  enough  how  we  were  forced 
into  the  war.  The  extraordinary  in- 
sults and  aggressions  of  the  Imperial 
Government  of  Germany  left  us  no  self- 
respecting  choice  but  to  take  up  arms  in 
defence  of  our  rights  as  a  free  people, 
and  of  our  honour  as  a  sovereign  gov- 
ernment. The  military  masters  of  Ger- 


THE   ROAD   TO    PEACE  23 

many  denied  us  the  right  to  be  neutral. 
They  filled  our  unsuspecting  communi- 
ties with  vicious  spies  and  conspirators 
and  sought  to  corrupt  the  opinion  of  our 
people  in  their  own  behalf.  They 
sought  by  violence  to  destroy  our  indus- 
tries and  arrest  our  commerce.  They 
tried  to  incite  Mexico  to  take  up  arms 
against  us,  and  to  draw  Japan  into  a 
hostile  alliance  with  her.  They  impu- 
dently denied  us  the  use  of  the  high  seas 
and  repeatedly  executed  their  threat 
that  they  would  send  to  their  death  any 
of  our  people  who  ventured  to  approach 
the  coasts  of  Europe.  What  great  na- 
tion under  such  circumstances  would 
not  have  taken  up  arms  ?  Much  as  we 
have  desired  peace,  it  was  denied  us  and 
not  of  our  own  choice.  This  flag  under 
which  we  serve  would  have  been  dis- 
honoured had  we  withheld  our  hand." 

If  any  pacifist  in  spite  of  these  facts 
and  this  declaration  still  doubts  which 


24  THE   WOKLD   WAR   AND 

nation  is  to  blame  for  this  war,  I  would 
lead  him  right  up  to  the  inner  sanctum 
of  pacifist  headquarters  and  have  him 
listen  to  what  the  High  Priest  himself 
has  to  saj.  "  One  nation  is  more  re- 
sponsible for  this  war  than  any  other, 
and  on  that  nation  should  rest  the  hot 
indignation  of  all  men  who  love  right- 
eousness. The  trampling  upon  Belgium 
was  one  of  the  most  infamous  and  das- 
tardly crimes  committed  by  any  nation 
in  a  thousand  years.  If  that  was  not 
wrong,  then  there  has  never  been  a 
wrong  thing  done  on  our  planet."  And 
he  expresses  the  hope  that  the  Hohen- 
zollern  dynasty  will  be  overthrown.  So 
firmly  convinced  from  the  beginning  of 
Germany's  guilt  was  this  distinguished 
leader  in  the  pacifist  school,  and  so 
strongly  did  the  current  of  his  sympa- 
thies run  in  the  direction  of  the  entente 
allies  that  he  deprecated  the  President's 


THE    ROAD    TO    PEACE  25 

advice  to  the  American  people  to  ob- 
serve a  strict  neutrality. 

3.  One  other  point  at  which  pacifists 
and  non-pacifists  can  meet  without  the 
least  danger  of  dispute  concerns  the  pur- 
pose with  which  we  as  a  nation  deter- 
mine to  enter  this  war.  It  will  be  uni- 
versally admitted  that  we  have  entered 
the  war  with  hands  as  clean  and  hearts 
as  pure  as  those  of  the  men  who  fought 
at  Lexington,  at  Bunker  Hill,  at  Valley 
Forge  and  at  Yorktown.  And  what  is 
true  of  our  purpose  is  we  believe  equally 
true  of  the  purpose  of  our  allies.  It  is 
quite  a  common  way  of  ours  —  quite 
cheap  also  and  not  at  all  satisfactory 
in  its  result  —  when  we  wish  to  convict 
a  man  or  a  nation  of  present  guilt  to 
rake  up  the  past  and  think  of  all  the 
evils  that  were  done  in  those  degenerate 
days.  It  is  admitted  that  many  selfish, 
aggressive,  unrighteous  wars  have  in  the 


26  THE    WORLD    WAS   AND 

past  been  waged  by  European  nations, 
but  it  is  not  a  respectable  method  of  rea- 
soning to  take  me  back  to  wars  waged 
long  ago  in  India,  Africa,  China,  Spain, 
Ireland,  in  order  to  convince  me  that 
England  and  France  must  be  criminally 
engaged  in  this  war.  Such  a  style  of 
reasoning  as  this  is  on  about  the  same 
moral  plane  as  petty  larceny. 

Not  one  of  the  entente  belligerents  is 
fighting  for  Empire,  for  territorial  ex- 
pansion, for  commercial  supremacy,  for 
the  suppression  of  a  successful  competi- 
tor, or  for  any  selfish  end  whatsoever. 
These  nations  are  fighting,  as  we  are 
fighting,  to  make  the  world  a  safe  place 
for  free  men  to  live  in.  We  are  fight- 
ing in  order  to  prevent  a  cruel,  brutal 
autocracy  from  overriding  weak  and 
defenceless  peoples.  We  are  fighting 
to  secure  for  small  nations  the  right  to 
live  their  own  lives  free  from  outside 
interference,  to  enjoy  political  auton- 


THE   BOAD    TO    PEACE  27 

omy,  and  to  develop  their  own  ideals. 
We  have  taken  up  the  hloody  pen  to 
write  that  never  again  on  this  planet 
shall  a  brutal  military  power  attempt  to 
establish  the  rule  of  might  over  right, 
to  set  up  a  new  moral  code  for  the  world, 
and  to  dominate  the  thought  and  will  of 
other  peoples;  and  while  we  are  about 
it  to  write  it  so  indelibly  that  no  reflu- 
ent wave  of  barbarism  can  ever  wash  it 
out. 

"  The  object  of  this  war,"  says  Presi- 
dent Wilson,  "  is  to  deliver  the  free  peo- 
ples of  the  world  from  the  menace  and 
the  actual  power  of  a  vast  military  estab- 
lishment controlled  by  an  irresponsible 
government  which,  having  secretly 
planned  to  dominate  the  world,  pro- 
ceeded to  carry  this  plan  out  without 
regard  either  to  the  sacred  obligations  of 
treaty  or  the  long  established  practices 
and  long  cherished  principles  of  inter- 
national action  and  honour." 


28  THE    WORLD    WAR   AND 

Here  then  are  three  important  points 
about  which  we  are  all  of  one  mind: 

(1)  We  all  hate  war.     We  are  a  peace- 
able and  peace  loving  people.     We  are 
so  by  a  temperament  and  by  education. 

(2)  We  are  all  agreed  as  to  where  the 
blame  for  this  war  lies..    We  did  not 
provoke  it,  we  were  provoked  into  it, 
as  the  President  says,  "  we  were  denied 
any  other  choice."     (3)   We  are  agreed 
that  in  taking  up  the  sword,  we  are  not 
actuated  by  revenge,  or  by  greed,  or  by 
lust  of  conquest,  or  by  any  sinister  mo- 
tive whatsoever,  but  only  by  the  high 
and  fine   resolve   to  help   redeem  this 
world  from  slavery  to  an  immoral  mon- 
ster, and  to  establish  more  firmly  in  the 
earth   the   reign   of   righteousness   and 
truth. 

But,  alas,  while  accepting  without  re- 
serve the  facts  and  principles  stated 
above,  we  are  not  all  of  one  mind  as  to 
the  method  to  be  employed  for  the, 


THE   ROAD    TO    PEACE  29 

emancipation  of  enslaved  peoples  and 
for  the  putting  down  of  that  arrogant 
power  which  dares  to  impose  its  will  on 
the  civilized  world.  The  majority  of 
us  believe  that  the  savage  enemy  who 
flouts  all  moral  obligation  can  be  mas- 
tered by  force  only;  that  moral  suasion 
would  be  worse  than  wasted  on  the  ram- 
pant wild  beast;  and  ghastly  though  it 
be  to  even  contemplate  there  is  nothing 
for  it  but  to  meet  and  down  the  demon 
power  with  its  own  weapon. 

On  the  other  hand  a  respectable  mi- 
nority of  the  people  calling  themselves 
pacifists  insist  on  some  other  way  for  the 
settlement  of  controversies  than  the  way 
of  physical  force  and  therefore  they  are 
opposed  to  armies  and  navies  and  guns 
and  forts  and  everything  suggestive  of 
war. 

The  grounds  on  which  their  oppo- 
sition rests  are  various  and  of  various 
value.  Indeed,  to  the  average  intelli- 


30  THE    ROAD    TO    PEACE 

gence  many  of  them  are  of  no  value  as 
foundations.  Some  are  as  unsubstan- 
tial as  a  dream,  or  as  a  mirage  of  the 
desert  which  disappears  as  it  is  ap- 
proached. Some  are  as  undependable 
as  quick-sand,  and  some  are  so  fluffy  and 
flimsy  that  they  shrivel  up  like  gossa- 
mer in  the  judgment  fires  of  criticism. 
On  such  grounds  as  these  is  based  the 
opposition  of  all  sorts  of  queer  people, 
visionary  people,  flighty  people  with 
ephemeral  interests  who  are  ever  ready 
to  be  seized  with  any  sort  of  novel  no- 
tion provided  it  be  vague  enough  and  to 
organize  themselves  around  it  until  the 
novelty  of  it  wears  off,  or  until  sup- 
planted by  some  other  notion  still  more 
vague  and  unpracticable.  Such  people 
are  hopelessly  unamenable  to  plain 
words ;  so  I  pass  on  to  examine  some  of 
the  more  substantial  grounds  on  which 
opposition  to  war  is  based  by  more  sensi- 
ble pacifists. 


Ill 

PACIFISM    IN    TERMS    OF    RELIGION 

THERE  is  the  ground  of  religious 
belief.  Many  pacifists  are  the 
enemies  of  war  because  they  believe  that 
Jesus  was  the  enemy  of  war.  If  this 
be  true  that  Jesus  was  the  enemy  of  war 
of  every  kind  then  none  but  Jews,  athe- 
ists, agnostics  and  secularists,  would  be 
in  this  war  or  ought  to  be  in  this  war; 
for  the  bulk  of  the  American  people  ac- 
cept the  teachings  of  Jesus  as  of  ulti- 
mate authority.  We  must  not  allow  to 
go  unchallenged  the  implied  claim  of 
the  pacifists  that  they  are  the  only  peo- 
ple who  recognize  and  yield  obedience  to 
the  authority  of  Jesus. 

But  is  it  true  that  Jesus  declared  him- 
31 


32  THE    WORLD    WAR   AND 

self  in  opposition  to  war  and  forbade  his 
followers  to  fight?  We  know  he  for- 
bade revenge,  vindictiveness,  bitterness, 
hatred,  retaliation,  reprisal.  Even  if 
he  had  never  uttered  a  word  in  condem- 
nation of  these  we  would  know  that  he 
was  dead  against  them.  We  would 
know  it  from  his  own  behaviour;  from 
the  example  he  set  the  world  of  gentle- 
ness, meekness,  generosity,  charity,  and 
compassion. 

But  was  he  against  war  of  every  sort 
regardless  of  the  purpose  with  which 
men  and  nations  fight  ?  If  we  take  him 
literally  and  not  as  the  oriental  mind 
took  him  —  and  we  must  remember  that 
Jesus  had  to  do  with  the  oriental  mind, 
which  was  fed  on  imagery  —  then  we 
must  admit  that  he  was  dead  against 
war. 

"  Resist  not  evil.  If  a  man  smite  thee  on  the 
one  cheek  turn  to  him  the  other  also.  If  a  man 
compel  thee  to  go  with  him  a  mile,  go  with 
him  twain.  Love  your  enemy,  etc." 


33 

These  and  other  like  sayings  of  his 
do  sound  as  if  he  did  not  intend  his  fol- 
lowers to  fight  for  any  cause  whatsoever. 
If  I  am  to  take  them  literally  and  obey 
them  implicitly,  then  no  rights  of  mine 
are  so  sacred  as  to  justify  my  vindica- 
tion of  them  by  force;  and  no  wrongs 
of  which  I  may  become  the  victim  can 
be  so  outrageous  as  to  justify  my  resist- 
ance of  them.  The  burglar  may  have 
my  property ;  the  human  swine  may  in- 
vade and  despoil  my  home,  mistreat  my 
wife,  and  murder  my  children  with  im- 
punity. 

But  while  distraught  and  well-nigh 
exhausted  by  my  effort  to  adjust  my 
thinking  so  as  to  harmonize  with  these 
sayings  of  Jesus,  I  suddenly  come 
upon  other  sayings  of  his  for  an 
interpretation  of  which  I  must  appeal 
to  the  pacifist.  That  saying  of  his 
for  instance  about  hating  my  father, 
mother,  wife  and  children  as  a  para- 


34  THE    WORLD    WAR   AND 

mount  condition  of  discipleship ;  and 
that  other  saying  of  his,  "  I  came  not  to 
send  peace  on  earth,  but  a  sword; 
to  set  a  man  at  variance  against  his 
father  and  the  daughter  against  her 
mother,  and  the  daughter-in-law  against 
her  mother-in-law,"  and  that  saying  of 
his,  "  He  that  hath  no  sword  let  him  sell 
his  garment  and  buy  one."  Am  I  to 
take  these  sayings  of  Jesus  literally 
also  ?  The  pacifist  cannot  have  it  both 
ways.  If  the  words  of  Jesus  which 
seem  to  be  opposed  to  war  are  to  be 
taken  literally,  by  what  canon  of  inter- 
pretation am  I  required  to  take  figura- 
tively these  other  sayings  of  his  which 
seem  to  imply  that  under  certain  cir- 
cumstances he  approves  of  war. 

As  a  matter  of  fact  any  effort  of  ours 
to  arrive  at  an  understanding  of  these 
and  other  similar  sayings  of  the  Mas- 
ter must  lead  to  endless  confusion  un- 
less we  study  them  first  in  the  light  of 


THE    BOAD    TO    PEACE  35 

the  circumstances  under  which  they 
were  spoken,  and  secondly  in  the  light  of 
the  nature  of  him  who  spoke  them. 

The  old  Jewish  custom  of  revenge 
and  retaliation  was  under  discussion; 
and  Jesus  was  condemning  that  custom 
according  to  which  the  Jew  had  a  right 
to  demand  an  eye  for  an  eye,  and  a 
tooth  for  a  tooth.  A  cruel  custom  this, 
exclaims  Jesus.  Rather  than  insist  on 
the  practice  of  it,  it  would  be  a  better, 
finer,  nobler  thing  to  suffer  any  indig- 
nity even  to  the  turning  of  the  other 
cheek  to  the  smiter. 

It  relieves  me  to  think  that  it  was  in 
the  spirit  of  this  counsel  that  President 
Wilson  said  on  one  occasion,  "  We  as  a 
nation  are  too  proud  to  fight " —  that  is 
to  say  too  proud  to  stoop  to  vindictive  re- 
prisals —  too  proud  to  repay  outrage 
with  outrage. 

Then  again  before  we  decide  as  to  the 
value  of  these  sayings  of  Jesus,  we 


36  THE    WORLD    WAR   AND 

should  study  them  in  the  light  of  the 
mind  and  spirit  that  were  in  him.  He, 
the  chivalrous  champion  of  the  wronged 
and  the  oppressed,  was  often  moved  to 
anger.  His  pulses  quickened  and  his 
face  grew  white  as  he  looked  on  cruelty 
and  injustice.  While  he  never  resorted 
to  the  use  of  carnal  weapons  —  unless 
we  make  an  exception  of  that  whip  of 
small  cords  —  he  fought  back  neverthe- 
less with  terrific  fierceness.  The  thun- 
derbolts which  the  old  law  hurled 
against  wrong  and  the  wrongdoer  were 
as  feathers  compared  with  his  fulmina- 
tions  aimed  at  sin  and  the  sinner.  The 
angry  lightnings  which  played  about 
Sinai  were  concentrated  in  the  Sermon 
on  the  Mount.  The  tempests  of  the  di- 
vine wrath  as  reported  in  the  Old  Testa- 
ments were  dew  falls  compared  with  the 
outpouring  of  Jesus'  soul  against  in- 
iquity. While  recalling  how  the  pro- 
phets portray  him  as  the  Lamb  of  God, 


THE    ROAD    TO    PEACE  37 

let  us  not  forget  that  they  portray  him 
also  as  the  Lion  of  the  Tribe  of  Juda. 
If  they  saw  him  coming  as  a  preacher 
of  peace,  they  also  saw  him  as  a  warrior 
coming  up  out  of  Edom  with  dyed  gar- 
ments from  Bozrah,  sword  on  thigh  and 
travelling  in  the  greatness  of  his 
strength. 

Jesus  urged  men  to  be  generous  and 
gentle,  but  he  never  urged  them  to  be 
molly-coddles.  He  forbade  vindictive- 
ness,  but  he  never  forbade  vindicative- 
ness.  He  required  men  to  be  long  suf- 
fering under  personal  grievance,  but  he 
expected  them  to  defend  the  weak  even 
to  the  death.  He  discouraged  retalia- 
tion, the  taking  of  an  eye  for  an  eye,  but 
he  never  encouraged  men  to  permit  with- 
out resistance  the  invasion  of  their 
homes,  the  desecration  of  their  sanctu- 
aries, the  ruin  of  their  property,  the 
abuse  of  their  wives,  and  the  murder  of 
their  children. 


38  THE    WORLD    WAR   AND 

Those  of  us  who  would  shift  over  on 
Jesus  the  responsibility  for  our  oppo- 
sition to  fighting  with  or  for  our  coun- 
try owe  it  to  ourselves  to  make  sure 
that  our  conception  of  his  program  in 
the  interest  of  mankind  coincides  with 
the  facts.  It  was,  as  stated  by  himself, 
a  part  of  that  program  to  purify  and 
improve  the  moral  and  spiritual  facul- 
ties of  men ;  but  it  was  not  any  part  of 
his  program  to  give  them  a  new  set  of 
faculties  in  place  of  the  original  ones. 
He  did  not  undertake  to  deal  with  men 
as  we  are  sometimes  obliged  to  deal  with 
a  decrepit  and  useless  clock,  namely,  to 
substitute  an  entire  new  set  of  works  for 
the  old  ones,  leaving  only  the  case  intact. 
He  came  to  heal  the  morally  sick,  not  to 
supply  them  with  a  different  set  of  or- 
gans and  senses;  not  to  give  them  an- 
other nature,  but  to  reform  their  present 
nature.  He  caused  lame  men  to  walk, 
but  he  did  not  supply  them  with  a  differ- 


THE   BOAD    TO    PEACE  39 

ent  kind  of  legs.  He  restored  the  par- 
alytic, not  by  giving  him  a  new  set  of 
muscles  and  nerves,  but  by  reviving  the 
power  of  the  old  ones.  He  caused  the 
blind  to  see  and  the  deaf  to  hear,  but  he 
did  not  alter  the  structure  of  their  eyes 
and  their  ears.  Even  so,  he  found 
men's  spiritual  vision  dimmed,  their 
spiritual  powers  partially  paralyzed, 
and  he  restored  their  defective  vision, 
revitalized  the  impaired  faculties  and 
gave  them  a  new  aim,  a  new  ambition, 
a  new  outlook,  and  new  ideals.  To 
eliminate  all  or  any  of  their  original  en- 
dowments would  prove  nothing  less  or 
else  than  an  annihilation  of  their  iden- 
tity and  the  turning  out  of  other  kinds 
of  creatures.  Instead  of  doing  this,  his 
object  was  to  verify,  vivify,  purify  and 
empower  the  capacities  with  which  men 
come  into  the  world.  Among  these  are 
love,  sympathy,  compassion,  anger, 
moral  indignation.  To  eradicate  these 


40  THE    WORLD    WAR   AND 

from  the  structure  of  the  soul  would 
only  be  to  dehumanize  men.  God 
would  not  be  God  without  them.  Men 
would  not  be  men  without  them.  To 
render  men  incapable  of  love,  sympathy, 
compassion,  would  reduce  them  to  the 
level  of  beasts.  To  render  them  in- 
capable of  anger  and  moral  indignation 
would  reduce  them  to  passionless  paste. 
To  quench  in  man  the  fires  of  moral  in- 
dignation would  be  in  a  way  as  much  of 
a  disaster  as  to  render  him  incapable  of 
love.  This  would  not  be  giving  him  a 
new  heart,  but  afflicting  him  with  fatty 
degeneration  of  the  old  heart.  Better 
leave  him  as  he  is  than  render  him  an 
anemic  and  impotent  non-resister  of 
wrong. 

If  I  could  be  convinced  that  Jesus 
meant  to  make  of  me  a  non-resister  un- 
der all  circumstances ;  meant  to  develop 
in  me  a  soft  and  easy  tolerance  of  wrong 
and  the  wrongdoer  and  an  aversion  to 


THE    BOAD    TO    PEACE  41 

dealing  lustily  with  both;  meant  me  to 
lie  down  and  be  trampled  on  by  a  ruth- 
less foe ;  meant  me  to  compromise  prin- 
ciple and  negotiate  peace  at  any  price 
with  an  enemy  rather  than  fight  him,  I 
would  feel  compelled  to  select  from 
among  the  list  of  the  world's  heroic 
worthies  another  teacher  and  guide  who 
would  bid  me  sacrifice  and  suffer,  fight 
and  die  in  behalf  of  honour,  liberty  and 
righteousness. 


IV 

PACIFISM    IN    TEEMS    OF    CONSCIENCE 

ANOTHER  class  of  pacifists  base 
their  objection  to  war  on  moral 
grounds.  They  fall  back  not  on  the  au- 
thority of  Jesus  but  on  the  authority  of 
conscience.  They  are  conscientious  ob- 
jectors. They  have  no  desire  to  search 
the  scriptures  for  ammunition  where- 
with to  pop  militants.  They  have  no 
use  for  the  sentimental  stuff  that  is  be- 
ing served  up  in  the  name  of  religion. 
They  are  too  intelligent  to  think  of  ex- 
ploiting in  support  of  their  position  cer- 
tain moral  maxims  of  Jesus  couched  in 
oriental  imagery  and  used  for  the  pur- 
pose of  pointing  out  to  a  revengeful 
people  a  more  excellent  way  of  behav- 
iour. They  have  chosen  what  they  be- 
42 


THE    BOAD    TO    PEACE  43 

lieve  to  be  more  solid  ground  for  their 
objection  to  war.  Let  us  see  whether 
this  ground  they  have  chosen  is  rock  or 
shifting  sand. 

1.  The  presumption  seems  to  be 
against  them,  though  we  are  not  going 
to  be  satisfied  with  presumption.  A 
man  who  persists  in  setting  up  the  au- 
thority of  his  individual  conscience 
against  that  of  the  collective  conscience 
on  any  public  question  ought  to  make 
very  sure  that  he  is  in  possession  of  a 
direct  divine  revelation.  When  the 
question  is  a  private  and  personal  one, 
the  imperatives  of  conscience  are  su- 
preme and  must  not  be  meddled  with  or 
gainsaid  by  the  outsider,  however  wise 
the  outsider  may  be.  But  when  the  in- 
dividual conscience  comes  into  collision 
with  the  public  conscience  on  questions 
affecting  the  state,  the  presumption  is 
that  the  decision  of  the  individual  con- 
science is  not  to  be  trusted. 


44  THE    WORLD    WAR 

2.  We  are  compelled  to  listen  to  much 
that  is  being  said  in  these  days  about 
rights  —  constitutional     rights,     moral 
rights,    religious   rights  —  supposed   to 
be  sanctioned  and  secured  to  the  indi- 
vidual not  only  by  public  statute  but  by 
private    conscience.     On    this    double 
ground  the  soap  box  orator  claims  and 
defends  his  right  to  preach  sedition ;  the 
peace  at  any  price  man  his  sentimental 
piffle;  the  teacher  his  corruption  of  the 
minds  of  the  youth  of  the  land;   the 
preacher  his  pathetic  appeals  to  sensi- 
tive children  and  suffering  women;  the 
legislator  his  treasonable  appeals  to  the 
masses;  the  anarchistic  demagogue  his 
red  shirted  damnation  of  the  prosperous 
and  his  impudent  effort  to  build  a  devil's 
bridge  between  the  home  of  him  who  has 
and  the  home  of  him  who  has  not. 

3.  ISTow    this   whole    question    about 
rights,  even  when  the  rights  men  claim 
sound  reasonable  enough,  is  a  very  com- 


THE    EOAD    TO    PEACE  45 

plex  one.  It  is,  however,  a  well  estab- 
lished principle  of  which  the  pacifist 
should  take  notice  that  when  even  the 
conscientious  rights  of  the  individual 
conflict  with  the  rights  of  society,  the 
rights  of  society  must  remain  paramount 
even  though  the  individual  suffer 
martyrdom  for  conscience'  sake.  -For 
instance,  the  people  in  their  organized 
capacity  resolve  to  have  courts  of  jus- 
tice, school  houses,  a  system  of  police, 
public  roads,  canals,  breakwaters, 
bridges,  lighthouses,  etc.  Some  of  us 
never  have  need  of  the  courts  or  the  po- 
lice or  the  canals  or  the  lighthouses 
and  we  might  therefore  quite  conscien- 
tiously claim  as  our  right  exemption 
from  taxation  for  the  support  of  these 
institutions,  and  call  the  forcible  collec- 
tion of  taxes  for  this  purpose  an  in- 
fringement of  our  rights.  But  such  as- 
sertion of  our  rights  would  very  prop- 
erly be  laughed  out  of  court.  The  bach- 


46  THE   WOBU)   WAS   AND 

elor  has  rights,  but  nobody  will  regard 
seriously  his  right  to  claim  exemption 
from  the  school  tax  on  the  ground  that 
he  has  no  children  to  be  benefited  by  the 
schools.  The  Quaker  has  rights,  but 
what  becomes  of  his  conscientious  objec- 
tion to  fighting  when  his  country  is 
driven  to  war?  The  state  recognizes 
nothing  as  the  right  of  the  individual 
which  interferes  with  its  own  suprem- 
acy. To  allow  an  individual  citizen  to 
count  himself  absolved  from  conformity 
to  the  expressed  will  of  the  majority  be- 
cause that  will  comes  in  collision  with 
his  scruples  is  to  invite  anarchy.  When 
the  state  guarantees  to  the  individual  his 
legal  rights,  his  constitutional  rights,  it 
does  not  extend  that  benefit  to  his  whims, 
his  caprices,  his  prejudices,  or  even  to 
his  conscientious  convictions,  or  pledge 
itself  to  respect  the  imagined  rights  of 
the  Jew,  the  Quaker,  the  Mormon,  the 
anarchist  or  the  pacifist. 


THE    ROAD    TO    PEACE  47 

4.  But  the  conscientious  objector 
raises  the  point  that  what  is  wrong  for 
an  individual  to  do  can  never  be  right 
for  a  hundred  or  a  million  individuals  to 
do.  If  it  is  wrong  for  two  men  to  quar- 
rel and  to  settle  their  controversy  with 
deadly  weapons  it  can  never  be  right  for 
two  organizations  of  men  called  nations 
to  use  force  in  the  settlement  of  their 
controversy.  The  number  of  men  en- 
gaged in  a  fight  does  not  justify  the 
fighting.  This  is  plausible  reasoning. 
Let  us  see  if  it  has  any  merit  above  that 
of  plausibility.  How  about  the  major 
premise  of  the  syllogism  ?  Even  a  very 
young  child  will  see  at  once  that  it  is  a 
baseless  assumption.  He  will  see  that 
it  is  not  always  wrong  for  a  man  to  fight 
and  with  deadly  weapons  at  that.  He 
will  see  that  it  is  not  pacifism  but  paltry 
cowardice  in  a  man  who  does  not  put 
up  a  fight  when  a  fellow  man  attempts  to 
take  his  property  or  his  life. 


48  THE    WOELD    WAB    AND 

But  granting  for  the  sake  of  argument 
the  assumption  that  it  is  wrong  for  an 
individual  to  fight,  does  that  fact,  allow- 
ing for  the  moment  that  it  is  a  fact, 
prove  that  it  is  wrong  for  a  community 
or  a  nation  to  fight?  To  allow  that  is 
to  disregard  and  disown  a  primary  vital 
truth,  namely,  that  moral  duties  are 
often  determined  by  moral  relations.  I 
am  not  insisting,  mark  you,  that  all 
moral  duties  are  so  determined.  Ko  re- 
lations or  complications  or  combination 
of  circumstances  can  make  murder,  or 
theft,  or  lying  other  than  immoral. 
Nevertheless  it  is  true  as  we  may  see  by 
a  simple  illustration  or  two  that  certain 
acts  take  their  moral  complexion  from 
the  character  of  the  relations  in  which 
the  actors  stand  to  one  another. 

A  little  boy  is  severely  and  cruelly 
treated  by  his  big  brother,  who  seems  to 
take  pleasure  in  torturing  those  who  are 
not  big  and  strong  enough  to  defend 


49 

themselves.  The  little  fellow  feels 
keenly  for  a  time  the  wrong  that  has 
been  done  him  and  his  heart  is  full  of 
anger  and  resentment;  but  by  and  by 
when  the  smart  of  his  bruises  has 
passed  away,  he  forgets  his  injuries,  for- 
gives his  cruel  brother  and  is  ready  to 
join  him  in  the  next  game  as  if  nothing 
had  happened ;  and  we  applaud  the  little 
fellow's  magnanimity  and  we  say  what  a 
splendid,  generous  and  noble  spirit  that 
boy  possesses.  But  the  unhappy  inci- 
dent comes  to  the  knowledge  of  the 
father  of  the  boys.  What  will  he  do? 
What  is  his  duty  in  view  of  what  has 
taken  place?  Shall  he  ignore  the  af- 
fair ?  Shall  he  take  no  notice  of  the  big 
brother's  vicious  behaviour?  Shall  he 
treat  the  boy  as  if  he  had  committed  no 
offence,  and  condone  his  cruelty?  To 
do  so  would  not  only  be  a  crime  against 
justice  but  a  crime  against  the  boy 
for  whose  moral  training  he  as  a  father 


50  THE    WOELD    WAS   AND 

is  responsible.  If  he  winks  at  his  son's 
brutality  he  will  have  nobody  to  blame 
but  himself  if  by  and  by  he  finds  he 
has  a  Cain  on  his  hands.  You  see  that 
what  was  noble  in  the  little  brother  to 
do,  would  be  base  in  the  father  to  do. 
Moral  duties  are  sometimes  determined 
by  moral  relations. 

A  good  citizen  going  about  his  law- 
ful business  is  set  upon  and  brutally 
beaten  and  left  for  dead  by  a  beastly 
bruiser  of  a  man  who  knows  no  law  but 
that  of  force  and  recognizes  no  author- 
ity but  that  of  his  own  will.  The  in- 
jured man  is  taken  to  the  hospital  and 
recovers.  His  heart  is  for  a  time  hot 
with  indignation  against  his  assailant, 
but  being  a  kind-hearted,  magnanimous, 
charitable  man  he  not  only  refuses  to 
take  reprisals  but  forgives  his  enemy. 
And  we  say  what  a  fine  generous  thing 
to  do !  But  the  assault  is  witnessed  by 
an  officer  of  the  law  who  hales  the  crim- 


THE    ROAD    TO    PEACE  51 

inal  to  court  for  punishment.  What 
now  will  the  judge  do  with  the  prisoner  ? 
Will  he  get  down  from  the  bench,  pat 
the  savage  on  the  back,  poor-poor 
him,  and  give  him  money  to  pay  his  fare 
home  ?  That  would  be  to  encourage  the 
man  in  his  evil  courses,  to  confuse  his 
moral  consciousness  —  if  he  should  hap- 
pen to  have  any  moral  consciousness 
left  —  to  put  bad  men  on  a  par  with 
good  men,  and  to  expose  the  court  and 
the  law  to  contempt.  What  was  noble 
in  the  injured  citizen  to  do  would  be 
base  in  the  judge  to  do.  Moral  duties 
are  determined  by  moral  relations. 
What  we  might  applaud  as  a  shining  ex- 
ample of  generosity  on  the  part  of  the 
injured  individual  we  would  denounce 
as  an  atrocious  outrage  of  justice  on  the 
part  of  the  judge  who  is  the  agent  and 
representative  of  the  social  organism. 

5.  We  have  too  much  respect  for  our 
fellow  citizen  of  the  pacifist  brand  to 


52  THE    WOBU>    WAS   AND 

suspect  that  there  is  even  one  of  their 
number  who  objects  to  the  agencies  and 
implements  in  the  way  of  courts,  juries, 
judges,  police,  prisons  which  we  employ 
to  fight  the  lawless  within  our  gates. 
This  being  so,  it  is  hard  to  understand 
why  they  should  object  to  our  use  of  all 
the  resources  at  our  command  to  fight 
the  lawless  who  thunder  at  our  gates 
from  without. 

6.  A  brutal  and  unbarbarous  nation 
given  over  wholly  to  war  —  its  people 
trained  not  merely  in  military  camps, 
but  in  universities,  schools,  churches, 
homes  and  nurseries  —  inspired  by  the 
lust  of  conquest,  marshalling  its  forces 
during  the  lifetime  of  a  generation  for 
the  subjugation  of  the  civilized  world, 
has  without  provocation  assaulted  this 
country  which  has  dwelt  in  peace,  cul- 
tivated the  arts  of  peace,  and  lived  on 
terms  of  good  will  with  all  its  neigh- 
bours. It  has  trampled  on  our 


THE    ROAD    TO    PEACE  53 

betrayed  our  good  faith,  broken  its 
signed  and  sealed  contracts  with  us, 
maltreated  our  citizens,  murdered  our 
women  and  children,  sunk  our  merchant 
ships  bound  on  peaceful  errands,  cor- 
rupted our  press,  sown  sedition  among 
our  people.  What  is  our  duty  as  a  na- 
tion under  these  circumstances?  The 
man  who  on  moral  grounds  and 
prompted  by  his  conscientious  scruples 
counsels  us  to  waive  our  rights  rather 
than  to  fight;  to  surrender  and  submit 
to  these  unspeakable  indignities  and  ir- 
reparable injuries,  yes,  and  even  allow 
this  demonic  power  to  overrun  our  land, 
devastate  our  fair  fields,  burn  and  pil- 
lage our  cities  and  homes  and  reduce  us 
to  the  condition  of  prostrate  Belgium 
without  ever  striking  a  blow  in  vindica- 
tion of  our  national  honour  and  in  de- 
fence of  the  oppressed  whose  cry  rises 
up  into  the  ears  of  the  Lord  God  of 
Sabaoth;  this  man  would  better  look  to 


54  THE    WOELD    WAB   AND 

that  conscience  of  his  and  see  of  what 
sort  it  is. 

7.  Conscience,  however  we  may  de- 
fine or  think  of  it  —  an  inward  moni- 
tor ;  the  voice  of  God ;  God's  vice-gerent 
in  the  heart  of  man ;  the  tongue  that 
tastes  the  flavour  of  an  intention  —  may 
be  in  one  of  several  states.  Meant  to  be 
an  infallible  guide  in  conduct,  it  is  often 
dimmed,  blurred,  dulled,  perverted, 
prostituted  by  passion,  by  selfishness, 
by  prejudice,  by  pride,  by  ambition,  by 
ignorance.  When  therefore  a  man  sets 
the  authority  of  his  private  conscience 
over  against  the  testimony  of  the  public 
conscience  he  should  make  very  sure 
that  his  conscience  is  in  good  order. 
The  conscience  of  some  of  us  is  in  the 
condition  of  an  old  sun  dial  in  a  neg- 
lected garden.  Once  trustworthy,  it 
is  now  hurled  from  its  pedestal  and  lies 
overgrown  and  smothered  by  tall  rank 
weeds.  Conscience  may  be  sensitive  or 


THE    ROAD    TO    PEACE  55 

it  may  be  seared  as  with  a  hot  iron.  It 
may  be  alive  or  it  may  be  dead.  It  may 
be  independent  of  the  will  or  it  may  be 
the  creature  of  the  will.  It  may  see 
clearly  or  be  purblind  or  totally  blind. 
It  may  serve  as  a  guide  or  it  may  serve 
as  a  mask  for  cowardice.  If  it  be  true 
that  conscience  makes  cowards  of  us  all, 
it  is  equally  true  that  cowardice  makes 
for  some  of  us  the  only  shred  of  con- 
science we  possess.  O !  Conscience, 
what  crimes  are  committed  in  thy  name ! 
One  man  persecutes  the  Christians, 
hauling  them  to  prison  and  to  judgment 
under  the  stress  of  his  conscience  and 
believing  the  while  he  is  liquidating  a 
heavy  debt  to  God.  Another  betrays 
his  master  for  thirty  pieces  of  silver 
and  then,  urged  on  by  his  conscience, 
goes  out  and  hangs  himself. 

8.  Keeping  in  mind  these  considera- 
tions and  also  a  couple  of  facts  about  our 
entrance  into  this  war,  namely,  first, 


56  THE    BOAD    TO    PEACE 

that  the  enemy  denied  us  the  privilege 
of  keeping  out  of  it,  and  secondly,  hav- 
ing gone  into  it,  we  are  not  in  it  for  re- 
venge, or  for  a  division  of  the  spoils,  or 
for  any  selfish  purpose  whatsoever,  but 
in  order  that  we  may  help  make  the 
world  a  safe  place  for  peaceful  peoples 
to  live  in,  I  must  be  allowed  to  doubt 
the  firmness  of  this  foundation  on 
which  the  pacifist  rests  his  objection  to 
war. 


PACIFISM    IN    TERMS    OF    HUMANITY 

OF  all  the  reasons,  specious  and 
otherwise,  which  have  been  ad- 
vanced by  the  non-militant  in  support 
of  his  contention,  the  most  plausible  and 
by  all  odds  the  most  powerful  is  that 
based  on  humanitarian  ground.  It  is 
an  appeal  to  men's  hearts,  and  while 
hearts  are  being  played  upon  and 
stirred  heads  are  of  little  value  and 
might  as  well  beat  a  strategic  retreat. 
The  argument  unseals  a  mighty  flow  of 
emotion  against  which  reason  can  hope 
to  make  but  little  headway,  while 
the  pacifist  having  launched  his  bark  on 
this  current  finds  the  pulling  easy. 

1.  Knowing  it  to  be  easy,  others  be- 
57 


58  THE    WORLD    WAR   AND 

sides  the  genuine  philanthropist  get 
aboard.  The  purely  selfish  man  finds 
it  a  benefit  to  himself  to  join  the  goodly 
company  on  the  voyage.  He  cares  little 
for  men,  but  he  has  a  profound  interest 
in  money.  The  lives  of  others  he  holds 
cheap  enough,  but  he  has  great  regard 
for  his  own  precious  skin.  His  horror 
of  bloodshed  is  mild  compared  with  his 
horror  of  taxes.  He  is  thinking  not  so 
much  of  loss  of  life  as  of  loss  of  prop- 
erty. His  fear  of  the  results  of  war  on 
trade  and  commerce  and  incomes  is  his 
uttermost  fear.  His  voice  was  never 
heard  in  opposition  to  war  as  long  as  the 
controversy  was  confined  to  European 
peoples,  for  that  meant  the  sale  of  rich 
cargoes  of  cotton  and  corn  and  muni- 
tions; meant  heavy  loans  and  fat  prof- 
its; but  as  soon  as  the  possibility  of 
our  joining  in  the  fray  loomed  on  the 
horizon  he  added  his  voice  to  the  chorus 
of  lamentation  over  the  horrors  of  war. 


THE    ROAD    TO    PEACE  59 

War  involving  this  nation  threatened 
his  peace  of  mind  and  the  comfort  of 
his  easy  chair  in  the  cozy  corner,  and 
he  began  to  croon  out  his  complaint. 
"  Why  are  the  nations  fighting  ?  Why 
do  they  not  compromise  here  and  there, 
and  yield  a  point  or  two.  for  the  sake 
of  peace?  The  Belgians  butchered  to 
make  a  German  holiday  could  have 
saved  themselves  from  martyrdom  by 
conceding  to  the  Imperial  Government 
a  right  of  way  through  their  land. 
France  could  have  escaped  the  woe 
which  has  overwhelmed  her  by  re- 
fusing to  approve  of  Russia's  quar- 
rel. England  could  have  avoided  war 
by  accepting  Germany's  bribe,  and 
thus  the  catastrophe  which  has  over- 
taken the  world  could  have  been 
avoided."  So  speaks  this  man  of  peace 
who  finds  it  convenient  now  to  sail  un- 
der the  flag  of  humanitarianism.  He 
may  be  dismissed.  His  voice  is  that  of 


60  THE    WOKLD    WAR   AND 

the  sluggard.  His  protest  is  the  prat- 
ing of  the  petty  egotist;  and  the  great 
body  of  the  American  people  may  be 
trusted  to  appraise  him  and  his  pacifis- 
tic  plea  at  their  proper  value. 

2.  And  in  dealing  with  the  humani- 
tarian pacifists  it  is  no  more  than  fair 
to  assure  them  that  they  are  not  to  be 
held  responsible  for  or  to  be  bulked  in 
with  a  group  of  persons  who  from  mo- 
tives <of  their  own  (which  if  not  mili- 
tant are  mixed)  desire  to  be  identified 
and  recognized  as  humanitarian  in  their 
aims.  They  are  easily  distinguished 
by  their  foreign  dialect  (if  one  may 
speak  figuratively).  They  cannot  pro- 
nounce the  humanitarian  shibboleth. 
They  are  for  the  most  part  women,  and 
as  a  matter  of  course  women  are  hu- 
mane ;  and  from  humaneness  to  pacifism 
the  road  is  short  and  easy.  But  though 
pacifists  they  are  not  so  from  humani- 
tarian motives  particularly.  Profess- 


61 

ing  a  deep  interest  in  humanity,  what 
really  absorbs  them  is  a  passion  to  pos- 
sess and  wield  a  power  which  the  cruel 
opposite  sex  has  hitherto  denied  them, 
and  to  turn  themselves  out  a  product 
worthy  of  the  God  that  made  them. 
Pacifists  they  are,  but  their  love  of 
peace  is  not  so  ardent  as  to  cause  them 
while  in  pursuit  of  their  object  to  re- 
frain from  doing  things  of  which  gen- 
tlemen would  be  ashamed  —  hector- 
ing statesmen,  bombarding  the  White 
House,  pestering  the  President  in  the 
midst  of  perplexing  and  burdensome  du- 
ties, committing  deeds  of  violence,  and 
acting  in  other  very  militaristic  ways  — 
not  so  dead  in  love  with  peace  as  to  ab- 
stain from  distracting  the  public  mind 
from  the  serious  business  in  hand;  not 
so  high-minded  as  to  be  above  the  use 
of  political  machinery  and  methods  the 
very  mention  of  which  would  bring  a 
blush  to  the  cheek  of  any  hardened  Tarn- 


62  THE    WORLD    WAB   A1TO 

many  sachem.  They  must  have  their 
way  even  though  to  gain  their  ends  they 
are  obliged  to  make  use  of  socialists,  an- 
archists, pro-Germans  and  the  mixed 
multitude  which  hangs  on  the  skirts  of 
the  host  of  Israel,  eating  the  children's 
bread  while  they  breathe  dissension  and 
discontent  in  the  hearts  of  their  bene- 
factors. Theirs  not  to  strive  to  perpet- 
uate the  best  city  administration  we 
have  had  in  fifty  years.  Theirs  not  t<f 
try  and  purify  the  franchise  and 
quicken  the  sense  of  responsibility  in 
those  who  possess  the  franchise,  and  if 
need  be  to  take  it  out  of  the  hands  of 
thousands  who  have  it  until  they  have 
learned  how  to  use  it,  but  they  have 
been  using  every  art  of  the  politician  to 
multiply  this  dangerous  power  which  is 
as  apt  to  explode  when  handled  by  an  ig- 
norant woman  as  by  an  ignorant  man. 

And  now  that  these  women  posing  in 
the  garb  of  humanitarianism  have  won 


THE    ROAD    TO    PEACE  63 

their  victory  and  gained  the  vote,  some 
of  them  are  proposing  to  bring  their 
newly  acquired  power  into  the  market 
place  and  sell  it  to  the  highest  bidder. 
They  will  agree  to  be  for  their  country 
if  their  country  will  consent  to  negotiate 
a  peace  with  them  and  pay  them  their 
price  for  patriotism.  While  the  nation 
is  striving  and  straining  every  nerve  and 
muscle  in  order  to  defend  them  and 
their  children  from  the  fate  of  the  Bel- 
gians these  women  are  plotting  new  de- 
vices whereby  they  may  embarrass  the 
Government  and  force  it  to  become  sub- 
servient to  their  will.  Surely,  real 
bona-fide  humanitarian  pacifists,  male 
and  female,  will  know  how  to  rate  the 
value  of  such  a  contingent  ambitious  to 
march  under  their  flag. 

3.  Having  said  this  much  by  way  of 
separating  the  chaff  from  the  wheat  we 
come  to  the  pure,  genuine,  humanitar- 
ian pacifist  who  by  the  purity  of  his 


64 

purpose  commands  our  respect  though 
we  are  compelled  to  take  issue  with  his 
conclusions.  A  sincere  desire  for  the 
welfare  of  our  fellow-beings  and  an 
earnest  purpose  to  lighten  their  burdens 
and  save  them  from  suffering  can  never 
fail  to  win  the  admiration  of  all  good 
people.  The  humanitarian  pacifist  has 
this  advantage  to  begin  with.  In  seek- 
ing to  prevent  war  and  in  arguing 
against  it  he  is  above  suspicion.  He 
has  no  by-ends  to  serve,  no  personal  am- 
bition to  gratify,  no  grievance  to  air, 
no  grudge  to  work  off.  He  is  not  influ- 
enced by  the  thought  of  possible  gain  or 
loss.  His  enthusiasm  is  not  chilled  by 
lack  of  patriotism,  nor  rendered  hys- 
terical by  blare  of  trumpets.  Nor  is 
this  kind  of  man  tempted  to  take  advan- 
tage of  a  serious  crisis  in  the  life  of  his 
country  to  push  his  pet  scheme  or  to 
acquire  deferred  rights  real  or  imag- 
ined. 


THE   ROAD    TO    PEACE  65 

4.  This  being  so  we  can  well  afford  to 
follow  his  thought  and  listen  to  what  he 
has  to  say.  He  is  not  thinking  solely 
or  even  very  solemnly  of  the  wastage 
of  property,  the  interruption  of  com- 
merce, the  disturbance  of  trade  and  the 
shrinkage  of  prices  caused  by  war.  He 
is  thinking  of  vastly  more  serious 
things,  of  the  suffering  and  misery  and 
agony  and  bloodshed  and  slaughter  that 
war  involves.  He  is  thinking  of  count- 
less young  lives  sacrificed  on  war's 
altar;  of  homes  left  desolate  and  hearts 
broken ;  of  wives  widowed  and  children 
orphaned;  of  hosts  of  wounded  return- 
ing from  the  battlefield,  maimed,  blind, 
disabled,  wrecked  mentally  and  phys- 
ically. He  is  thinking  of  great  multi- 
tudes of  the  bereaved  going  down  sor- 
rowing to  their  graves.  And  thinking 
of  these  things  he  can  paint  pictures 
that  draw  tears  from  all  eyes  —  pic- 
tures pathetic,  tragic,  gruesome, 


66  THE    WOBLD    WAR    AND 

ghastly;  such  pictures  as  only  those 
with  hearts  of  stone  can  look  upon  un- 
moved. 

5.  A  powerful  argument  this,  of  the 
humanitarian  against  war,  an  argument 
worthy  the  attention  of  all  serious 
minded  people.  No  doubt  President 
Wilson  anticipated  the  force  of  it;  was 
thinking  these  same  thoughts  and  see- 
ing these  same  sad  pictures  for  two 
years  and  a  half,  and  perhaps  the  vision 
of  them  had  a  great  influence  in  decid- 
ing him  to  endure  for  so  long  the  in- 
famous behaviour  of  the  Hun  rather 
than  lead  our  nation  into  war.  So  fear- 
ful was  he  of  being  drawn  into  it  that 
he  urged  the  people  to  observe  a  strict 
neutrality  not  only  in  action  but  in 
word  and  thought.  He  deemed  it  wise 
to  turn  a  deaf  ear  to  the  call  that  came 
from  many  quarters  of  the  land  urging 
preparedness,  fearing  maybe  that  such 
a  course  on  our  part  might  prove  an 


THE    ROAD    TO    PEACE  67 

offence  and  an  aggravation  to  some  one 
of  the  powers;  or  perhaps  because  he 
was  the  victim  in  common  with  many 
others  of  the  delusion  that  fitness  to  take 
one's  part  makes  him  a  scrapper.  At 
any  rate  he  refused  for  some  time  to  lis- 
ten to  the  demand.  In  his  detestation 
of  war  and  horror  of  the  havoc  it  works 
he  was  for  a  time  inclined  to  judge  the 
nations  engaged  in  it  as  mad.  Moved 
by  a  humanitarian  desire  to  avert  the 
calamitous  results  of  war  he  suffered 
with  patience  almost  super-human  the 
presence  among  us  of  the  plotter  and  the 
propagandist.  He  withheld  his  hand 
while  the  enemy's  spies  and  incendiaries 
destroyed  our  property;  while  his  sub- 
marines sank  our  ships  and  drowned  our 
fellow-citizens;  while  his  emissaries 
schemed  to  embroil  us  in  war  with  our 
neighbour  across  the  border  and  with 
a  friendly  power  beyond  the  Pacific. 
6.  But  there  came  a  day  when  he  saw 


68 

himself  and  the  nation  over  which  he 
presides  confronted  by  an  alternative 
from  which  there  was  no  escape.  The 
great  pacifist  must  choose  for  himself 
and  for  the  country  whether  he  shall 
surrender  or  fight;  whether  the  nation 
shall  abase  itself  in  terror  before  the 
lawless  bandit  or  resist  him;  whether 
the  country  shall  survive  as  an  indepen- 
dent and  free  nation  or  become  the  vas- 
sal and  slave  of  German  autocracy; 
whether  the  nation  which  the  fathers 
founded  in  faith  and  for  whose  liberty 
they  proudly  fought  and  gloriously  died 
shall  be  preserved  and  held  intact  or 
pawned  away  by  their  heirs  for  an  in- 
glorious peace.  He  saw  more  than  this. 
As  time  went  on  and  events  developed 
his  horizon  widened  as  he  looked.  He 
saw  the  embattled  hosts  of  a  mighty 
monarchy,  inspired  by  an  ambition  to 
control  all  the  kingdoms  of  the  world, 
march  forth  to  slay  democracy  wherever 


THE   ROAD    TO    PEACE  69 

found  and  all  free  institutions.  Not 
only  were  the  honour  and  interests  of 
our  own  nation  threatened  but  the  life 
and  honour  of  all  free  peoples.  They 
must  bow  down  and  worship  before  the 
image  of  the  beast  or  perish.  They 
were  to  be  offered  a  new  moral  code,  a 
new  religion,  a  new  god.  The  new  law 
was  to  be  force,  the  new  religion  was 
to  be  German  kultur,  the  new  god  was 
to  be  a  deity  of  German  make.  As 
events  developed  the  President  saw  that 
the  resolve  of  the  entente  powers  to  take 
up  arms  was  neither  fanatical  nor  fatu- 
ous, but  a  holy  resolve  to  resist  this  de- 
monic assault  of  the  arch  enemy  of 
honour,  righteousness,  liberty  and  civ- 
ilization. What  then  shall  be  the  Pres- 
ident's choice,  the  nation's  choice  — 
fight  or  surrender  ?  To  fight  will  mean 
sacrifice,  suffering,  wastage  of  property, 
loss  of  precious  human  lives ;  to  submit 
will  mean  the  loss  of  honour,  liberty, 


70  THE    WOELD    WAR   AND 

self-respect  and  all  that  free  men  hold 
dear;  will  mean  slavery,  shame,  and 
everlasting  contempt.  The  President 
made  the  choice  and  the  nation  from 
ocean  to  ocean  has  responded  Amen ! 

7.  And  the  pacifist?  He  too  has 
made  his  choice,  a  choice  determined  by 
his  sympathies,  his  love  for  his  fellow 
beings,  his  tender  regard  for  human  life, 
his  desire  to  avert  the  suffering  and  mis- 
ery and  loss  which  are  the  fruit  of  war ; 
and  he  asks  "  Can  anything  be  worse 
than  war  ?  "  If  he  will  for  only  a  mo- 
ment cease  to  discuss  the  matter  in  the 
abstract  and  view  it  in  the  light  of  con- 
crete facts  we  can  simply  leave  him  to 
answer  his  own  question.  Is  anything 
worse  than  resisting  by  force  the  man 
who  feloniously  breaks  into  one's  home 
to  carry  away  his  property  ?  Why,  cer- 
tainly. Compromise  with  lawlessness 
is  worse,  to  say  nothing  of  the  meanness 
of  showing  the  white  feather.  It 


THE    ROAD    TO    PEACE  71 

would  be  nice  if  the  householder  could 
hypnotize  the  intruder,  or  by  use  of 
some  unusual  endowment  of  spiritual 
power  constrain  him  to  turn  from  his 
wicked  ways ;  but  having  no  such  power 
he  must  fight  him  or  yield  him  the  right 
of  way  to  plunder  his  victim's  home  to 
his  heart's  content. 

Is  anything  worse  than  fighting  to  the 
death  the  fiend  who  invades  the  sanctity 
of  your  home?  Why,  yes;  your  per- 
mitting him  to  do  so  without  a  blow 
by  way  of  resistance;  that  is  infinitely 
worse.  What  is  worse  than  fighting? 
Why  your  cowardly  pacific  non-inter- 
ference when  you  see  a  weak  and  inno- 
cent man  being  beaten  to  a  jelly  by  a 
brutal  bully ;  that  is  unspeakably  worse. 
What  is  worse  than  war?  This  is 
worse,  to  look  on  and  see  unmoved  the 
infamous  tyrant  pounce  on  a  feeble  na- 
tion, loot  its  treasures,  devastate  its 
fields,  pillage  and  burn  its  homes,  dese- 


72  THE    WOBLD    WAR   AND 

crate  its  temples,  murder  its  old  men 
and  little  children,  and  dishonour  its 
women.  Unless  the  will  of  God  has 
broken  down  and  all  moral  sanctions 
have  lost  their  authority  nothing  could 
be  worse  than  for  a  strong  nation  to  look 
on  in  moral  indifference  and  see  that 
thing  done  without  striking  a  blow. 
The  pacifist  has  raised  the  question;  let 
him  answer  it. 

8.  He  is  not  the  only  kind  of  man 
who  deplores  war  and  contemplates  with 
dread  consequences  of  it.  Still  it  may 
turn  out  to  be  true  that  we  are  placing 
too  high  a  value  on  lives.  Life  is  cer- 
tainly worth  more  than  meat,  but  it  is 
not  worth  more  than  honour.  A  man 
may  be  more  precious  than  gold,  but  he 
is  not  more  precious  than  moral  princi- 
ple. Better  every  way  that  he  sacri- 
fice his  body  than  that  he  sacrifice  his 
ideals;  better  that  a  man,  yes,  better 
that  a  whole  nation  of  men  should  perish 


THE    BOAD    TO    PEACE  73 

than  that  they  should  negotiate  a  truce 
with  iniquity.  This  globe  is  the  burial 
place  of  extinct  nations,  and  the  disease 
of  which  they  one  and  all  died  was  a 
godless  compromise  with  evil.  What 
can  it  profit  a  nation  if  it  win  peace  by 
bartering  its  soul?  We  think  and  talk 
of  with  pride,  and  keep  green  with  tears 
of  reverence  the  memory  of  the  heroic 
men  who  counted  not  their  lives  dear 
unto  them  if  they  might  victoriously 
resist  the  tyranny  of  the  Kaiser  George. 
But  one  wonders  what  would  have  been 
the  future  of  this  continent  if  the  col- 
onists had  turned  pacifist  and,  moved  by 
a  humanitarian  horror  of  war  had 
yielded  their  necks  to  the  yoke  of  the 
oppressor.  This  at  least  we  are  sure 
of  that  the  peace  secured  at  such  a 
price  would  have  proved  a  legacy  for 
which  their  descendants  could  not  have 
been  grateful. 

9.  They  counted  not  their  lives  dear 


74  THE    WORLD    WAE   AND 

unto  them.  It  is  just  possible  that  we 
think  too  much  about  the  worth  of  life 
and  altogether  too  little  of  what  makes 
life  worth  living.  In  these  soft  aeolian 
times,  and  in  this  lotus-eating  land 
where  it  is  always  afternoon  we  have 
become  hyper-sensitive.  Our  tender 
flesh  shrinks  under  any  roughness  and 
the  only  evils  we  know  or  care  to  avoid 
are  discomfort,  pain  and  hard  usage; 
and  we  are  apt  to  forget  that  the  great- 
est things  this  world  owns  have  been 
purchased  at  the  cost  of  much  suffering 
and  blood,  and  that  the  lives  that  have 
blest  the  world  the  most  have  been  con- 
secrated by  the  baptism  of  sorrow. 
From  the  schoolhouse  of  suffering  and 
sacrifice  have  come  forth  into  the  world 
the  noblest  virtues.  It  took  Scotch 
glens  to  raise  covenanters,  and  the  rude 
realities  of  Swiss  mountains  to  breed 
French  patriots  in  the  long  ago. 


THE    ROAD    TO    PEACE  75 

It  is  worth  considering  while  honour- 
ing the  lads  in  the  army,  and  we  can- 
not honour  them  too  highly;  and  while 
doing  all  we  can  for  their  comfort,  and 
we  cannot  do  too  much;  we  may  at  the 
same  time  be  wasting  much  compassion 
on  them.  Having  a  due  regard  to 
moral  values  we  may  well  believe  that 
the  youngest  of  them  who  dies  in  the 
trenches  with  the  good  cause  in  his  heart 
has  lived  longer  after  all,  and  climbed 
higher,  and  compassed  more  spacious 
reaches  of  spiritual  vision,  and  achieved 
more  for  humanity  than  the  selfish 
sordid  stay-at-home  will  ever  dream  of 
though  he  fill  out  the  natural  span  of 
human  life.  He  who  saves  his  life, 
loses  it,  but  he  who  loses  his  life  in  the 
service  of  humanity  not  only  finds  it 
and  keeps  it  but  ennobles  and  glori- 
fies it  for  all  time  and  through  etern- 
ity. 


76  THE    BOAD    TO    PEACE 

"  To  every  man  upon  this  earth 
Death  cometh,  soon  or  late; 
And  how  can  man  die  better 
Than  facing  fearful  odds 
For  the  ashes  of  his  fathers 
And  the  temples  of  his  gods!  " 


VI 

COMPENSATIONS 

WHILE  the  losses  involved  in  this 
most  disastrous  of  all  wars  must 
baffle  the  power  of  tongue  to  tell  or  of 
thought  to  measure  or  of  the  imagina- 
tion to  conceive,  we  must  not  allow 
ourselves  to  overlook  the  profits  which 
war  brings  to  a  people  who  engage  in 
it  from  high  motive.  To  engage  in 
war  for  the  sake  of  the  profit;  that  is 
another  matter.  That  is  execrable. 
That  is  exclusively  an  idea  of  the  Prus- 
sian who  has  not  outgrown  the  instincts 
of  primitive  man.  The  Prussian  says 
war  is  profitable,  therefore  let  us  fight. 
We  say,  no  possible  profit  accruing  to 

a  nation  from  war  could  justify  the 
77 


78  THE    WOBLD    WAE   ATTO 

starting  of  a  fight.  The  Prussian  loves 
war;  we  hate  it.  He  plans  it;  we 
avoid  it,  and  only  as  a  last  resort  do 
we  accept  a  challenge  to  fight.  The 
Prussian  thinks  of  war  as  a  gymnastic. 
We  think  of  it  as  an  affliction.  Yet  as 
an  affliction  when  borne  in  the  right 
spirit  it  is  sure  to  work  out  for  a  na- 
tion an  exceeding  weight  of  glory.  We 
have  already  hegun  to  prove  this. 

1.  There  is  the  moral  glory  which 
comes  to  the  nation  which  wages  a  right- 
eous war.  As  nothing  but  shame,  con- 
tempt, and  degradation  can  be  the  re- 
ward of  a  people  who  will  go  to  war 
for  revenge,  or  for  the  sake  of  gaining 
a  few  more  square  leagues  of  earth, 
or  for  commercial  expansion;  so  noth- 
ing but  glory  and  honour  await  the 
people  who  are  willing  to  sacrifice  and 
suffer  and  give  the  lives  of  their  sons 
for  the  defence  of  the  weak,  the  redemp- 
tion of  the  oppressed  and  the  vindica- 


THE   ROAD    TO    PEACE  Y9 

tion  of  righteousness.  Had  we  behaved 
in  this  crisis  as  if  the  conflict  was  no 
concern  of  ours,  as  if  it  made  no  differ- 
ence to  us  which  side  should  win ;  which 
principle  should  prevail  —  that  of  force 
or  that  of  freedom  —  we  could  not  have 
retained  our  self-respect,  nor  deserved 
the  respect  and  confidence  of  any  nation. 
We  would  have  richly  deserved  to  have 
our  brow  branded  with  the  execration 
pronounced  on  an  ancient  tribe  for  its 
lack  of  fealty.  "  Curse  ye  Meroz,  said 
the  angel  of  the  Lord,  curse  ye  bitterly 
the  inhabitants  thereof;  because  they 
came  not  up  to  the  help  of  the  Lord,  to 
the  help  of  the  Lord  against  the 
mighty."  But  thank  God  that  though 
we  hesitated  for  a  long  time,  weighing 
the  pros  and  cons  —  self-interest  in 
one's  scale  and  the  life  of  civilization 
in  the  other  —  we  allowed  the  latter  to 
tip  the  balance.  Our  flag  still  waves  un- 
desecrated  by  foreign  hands,  and  un- 


80  THE   WOBLD   WAR   AND 

sullied  by  our  own.  And  just  as  we  are 
proud  of  the  fathers  who  listened  not  to 
the  voice  of  self-love,  nor  yielded  to 
their  natural  dread  of  bloodshed,  but 
gave  themselves  and  all  they  had  to  the 
cause  of  liberty;  so  the  generations  to 
come  will  be  singing  our  praises  because 
our  natural  love  of  peace  and  our 
natural  shrinking  from  sorrow  and 
agony  were  swallowed  up  of  patriotic 
passion  and  a  holy  purpose  to  settle  it 
once  for  all  that  right  of  way  must  be 
denied  to  any  arrogant,  truculent,  pira- 
tical power  that  seeks  to  dominate  the 
world. 

2.  Another  of  the  benefits  secured  to 
us  by  this  war  which  we  all  so  much 
dreaded  and  do  still  dread  is  that  of 
a  more  thorough  unifying  of  the  na- 
tion. The  cynical  sneer  aimed  at  our 
union  as  being  after  all  only  a  rope  of 
sand  has  been  silenced.  The  simile  of 
the  rope  of  sand  no  longer  fits,  if  in- 


THE    ROAD    TO    PEACE  81 

deed  it  ever  fitted ;  nor  does  that  of  the 
links  of  a  chain,  nor  even  that  of  the 
strands  composing  a  cable.  The  union 
has  become  vital.  It  is  that  of  the 
various  functions  in  the  human  body. 
No  one  of  them  can  say  to  any  of  the 
others,  I  have  no  need  of  thee ;  nor  can 
any  one  of  them  suffer  without  the 
others  being  affected.  Many  members 
in  one  body.  If  there  has  been  any 
jealousy  or  rivalries  in  the  past,  they 
have  disappeared.  There  is  no  north, 
no  south,  no  east,  no  west.  Ours  is  no 
longer  a  mere  political  union,  but  a 
moral  and  spiritual  federation.  We 
were  united  by  agreement,  by  the  pro- 
visions of  a  constitution,  by  certain 
stipulations ;  but  now  we  are  united  by 
a  living  principle  which  throbs  in  every 
vein  of  the  body  politic,  by  the  bond  of 
a  common  love  of  country,  a  common 
hatred  of  tyranny,  a  common  pity  for 
the  wrong  and  a  common  deathless  devo- 


82  THE    WORLD    WAR    AND 

tion  to  the  defence  of  liberty  and  civili- 
zation; and  these  have  made  us  forget 
almost  that  there  ever  was  any  other 
kind  of  bond.  By  and  by  we  may  re- 
sume once  more  our  competitions  and 
rivalries  and  again  give  attention  to  our 
local  interests  as  if  they  were  the  only 
interests,  but  not  until  we  have  com- 
pleted the  business  on  hand  which  is  the 
making  of  the  world  fit  for  the  habita- 
tion of  free  peoples. 

3.  We  will  be  grateful  also  for  this 
war  in  time  to  come  because  of  its  aid 
in  obliterating  the  prevailing  social  dis- 
tinctions among  us  which  are  so  arti- 
ficial and  so  irritating.  There  are  dis- 
tinctions among  us  which  are  neither  ar- 
tificial nor  irritating.  They  are  natu- 
ral, real,  inevitable,  and  as  such  we  rec- 
ognize and  respect-: — the  distinctions 
for  instance  that  are  conferred  by 
unusual  character,  or  unusual  brain 
power,  or  by  superiority  in  art,  or  lit- 


THE    ROAD    TO    PEACE  83 

erature,  or  statesmanship.  We  not  only 
allow  these  distinctions,  we  insist  on 
them.  But  the  petty,  superficial,  man- 
made  distinctions,  which  have  split  soci- 
ety into  classes  —  distinctions  created 
mostly  by  income,  by  clothes,  by  the 
possession  of  mere  things  —  these  are 
being  rapidly  wiped  out  by  this  war. 
The  valleys  in  the  social  landscape 
which  are  mere  creases  after  all  are  be- 
ing exalted,  and  the  mountains  and  hills 
which  are  but  pimples  on  a  sphere  are 
being  brought  low.  Rich  and  poor  are 
meeting  together.  The  lady  and  her 
maid,  the  son  of  the  house  and  the  son 
of  the  cook  are  seeing  eye  to  eye.  Ele- 
ments that  for  one  reason  or  another 
had  fallen  apart  have  come  together. 
Animosities  have  been  forgotten.  An- 
tagonisms are  no  longer  heard  of.  We 
have  but  one  faith  just  now,  one  hope, 
one  aim,  one  baptism.  The  stream  of 
the  nation's  life  had  forked  at  various 


84:  THE    WORLD    WAR    AND 

points  in  its  course,  the  various  channels 
in  which  its  divided  waters  flowed  being 
called  by  different  names.  But  after 
they  had  taken  their  own  courses  for  a 
while  —  some  sulking  through  this  or 
that  valley,  some  fretting  through  this 
or  that  ravine,  some  storming  around 
the  shoulder  of  this  or  that  obstructing 
height  —  they  have  found  their  way  to- 
gether once  more,  their  waters  converg- 
ing and  mingling  in  a  mighty  flood  of 
devotion  to  country  and  to  the  rights  of 
mankind. 

4.  This  war  has  ushered  in  a  new  era 
of  consecration  to  service.  Multitudes 
of  men  who  have  been  living  selfish 
lives  hitherto  or,  if  charitably  inclined, 
have  been  playing  at  charity  as  a  sort 
of  diversion,  allowing  the  poor  to  pick 
up  some  of  the  crumbs  from  beneath 
their  tables,  have  found  themselves  and 
opened  up.  They  have  unlocked  their 
treasure  houses  and  are  pouring  out  the 


THE    KOAD    TO    PEACE  85 

contents  of  them  in  streams  of  benev- 
olence which  are  making  glad  the  hearts 
of  the  destitute  abroad  and  the  poor  at 
home.  They  are  putting  into  practice 
what  has  been  only  a  theoretical  belief 
hitherto,  namely,  that  life  is  more  than 
meat  and  the  body  than  raiment;  that 
a  man's  life  consists  not  in  the  abun- 
dance of  the  things  which  he  possesses. 
They  have  come  to  see  that  a  man's  true 
worth  is  determined,  not  by  what  he 
has  but  by  what  he  is;  not  by  what  he 
gets  but  by  what  he  becomes;  not  by 
what  he  accumulates  from  without  but 
by  what  he  develops  within;  and  im- 
pelled by  this  new  vision,  they  are 
giving  not  only  money,  but  they  are  giv- 
ing themselves,  their  time,  their  trained 
talents,  their  experience,  their  executive 
ability  and  all  their  powers  of  devotion 
to  the  service  of  the  nation.  No  thought 
now  of  hoarding  for  one's  self,  but  of 
spending  for  the  good  of  others.  No 


86  THE    WOKLD    WAB    AND 

more  striving  and  straining  to  build  up 
fortunes  on  the  graves  of  dead  rivals. 
The  lust  for  getting  has  been  supplanted 
by  the  passion  for  dispensing. 

This  war  has  also  helped  many  who 
have  gone  wandering  through  the  world 
half  dazed  —  doped  in  a  way  by  the 
poor  pleasures  the  world  gives  —  to  find 
themselves,  and  to  find  a  place  of  rest 
and  service.  They  have  been  spending 
their  days  and  nights  fluttering  in  the 
light  of  fashion  as  moths  about  a  lamp ; 
feeding  their  stomachs  and  preening 
their  feathers;  restlessly  loitering 
around  ballrooms  and  card  tables  and  in- 
sufferable afternoon  teas;  but  this  war 
has  given  them  something  to  think  about 
and  something  to  do  that  will  keep  their 
hearts  from  turning  to  stone  and  their 
brains  from  turning  to  pulp.  ~No  finer 
phase  of  social  development  has  ap- 
peared in  half  a  century  than  the  eman- 
cipation of'  many  of  the  women  of  the 


THE   ROAD   TO    PEACE  87 

land  from  parochial  and  petty  interests. 
They  have  moved  out  into  the  open 
where  deep  breathing  is  possible,  and 
the  free  swing  of  their  powers.  Their 
equality  with  men  has  been  proven  in 
these  trying  days,  not  indeed  by  elec- 
tioneering on  street  corners,  or  by  fol- 
lowing brass  bands  in  procession  through 
the  streets,  or  by  exploiting  feminine 
men  and  the  unwary  of  every  sort  who 
could  be  used  in  their  campaign  in  be- 
half of  what  they  choose  to  call  their 
sovereign  rights,  but  by  their  masterful 
seizure  and  superb  use  of  a  great  oppor- 
tunity for  serving  the  world  at  a  time 
when  hearts  and  brains  are  needed  as 
they  have  never  been  needed  before. 
Within  the  past  three  years  women  have 
risen  to  heights  of  devotion  and  achieve- 
ment of  which  they  themselves  never 
dreamt  themselves  to  be  capable.  Many 
of  them  have  gone  so  far  along  the  hard 
road  of  service  that  they  can  never  find 


88  THE    WOELD    WAB   A1TO 

their  way  back  to  the  dainty  lives  they 
used  to  lead  and  to  the  sequestered  places 
into  which  rough  experiences  never  in- 
truded. There  has  been  no  call  yet  for 
our  women  to  undertake  men's  jobs  in 
field  and  mine  and  machine  shop  and 
munition  factory,  but  they  are  ready 
for  the  call  when  it  comes.  Meanwhile 
they  are  organizing  their  forces  and 
have  become  a  mighty  power  to  be  re- 
lied on  for  the  winning  of  the  war. 

5.  Then  closely  associated  with  this 
consecration  to  service  which  the  war 
has  brought  us  is  the  call  to  economy 
which  it  has  sounded.  We  were  a 
spendthrift  people.  One  of  our  grave 
national  vices  if  not  the  very  gravest 
has  been  that  of  extravagance.  We 
were  certainly  going  the  pace.  Indeed 
we  had  covered  a  good  bit  of  the  well 
worn  road  that  leads  from  prosperity  to 
luxury  and  from  luxury  to  effeminacy 
and  from  effeminacy  to  death.  Though 


THE    ROAD    TO    PEACE  89 

we  knew  it  not,  we  were  slowly  near- 
ing  the  fate  that  befell  another 
commonwealth  long  ago  which  perished 
because  when  the  people  had  eaten 
and  were  full,  built  goodly  houses 
and  dwelt  in  them,  and  their  herds  and 
their  flocks  multiplied,  and  their  silver 
and  their  gold  multiplied,  and  all  that 
they  had  multiplied,  they  forgot  the 
Lord  their  God  and  said  that  their  own 
power  and  the  might  of  their  own  hand, 
had  gotten  them  their  wealth.  Well 
may  we  as  a  people  be  grateful  for  any 
discipline  however  severe,  even  for  the 
discipline  of  war,  if  it  save  us  from  the 
prosperity  which  leads  to  the  wealth 
which  leads  to  the  pride  which  leads  to 
the  godlessness  which  leads  to  national 
degradation  and  death.  And  this  war, 
cruel  though  it  be,  coming  just  at  the 
time  it  did  has  saved  us  by  compelling 
us  to  retrench  our  expenditures,  to  cur- 
tail our  luxuries,  and  to  live  more 


90  THE    WORLD    WAR    AND 

simply.  Already  we  see  throughout  the 
land  how  self-denial  has  taken  the  place 
of  self-indulgence.  Instead  of  being 
something  to  be  ashamed  of,  thrift  has 
become  the  fashion.  The  hall  mark  of 
superiority  is  not  the  amount  spent  but 
the  amount  saved;  not  the  number  of 
things  we  can  purchase,  but  the  number 
of  things  we  are  learning  to  do  without. 
A  new  commandment  has  been  given  to 
us  requiring  economy,  and  we  are  writ- 
ing it  on  the  lintels  and  doorposts  of 
our  houses  and  on  our  gates  —  a  com- 
mandment the  keeping  of  which  will 
not  only  enable  the  people  to  contribute 
more  amply  to  the  resources  of  the  Gov- 
ernment, but  will  encourage  our  return 
to  a  simpler  and  saner  philosophy  of 
living,  which  in  turn  will  prove  a  gain 
of  incalculable  value  in  the  virility  of 
our  national  character. 

6.  This  war  has  opened  the  eyes  of 
our  people  to  a  fresh  revelation  of  moral 


THE    ROAD    TO    PEACE  91 

values.  I  believe  it  will  be  freely 
acknowledged  by  all  that  the  power  in 
us  which  recognizes  and  responds  to 
moral  imperatives  has  been  greatly  in 
need  of  repair.  In  fact  the  old  stan- 
dards of  moral  values  had  been  con- 
signed by  many  of  us  to  the  scrap  heap 
with  other  antiquated  and  outworn 
things.  Other  standards  had  lost  their 
value  and  had  become  obsolete,  why  not 
this  one?  As  a  consequence  of  our 
modern  methods  and  machineries,  our 
inventions  and  improvements,  old  things 
have  passed  away  and  most  things  have 
become  new.  We  have  now  new  ways 
of  doing  almost  everything:  of  tunnel- 
ing mountains,  navigating  the  seas,  and 
communicating  with  those  at  a  distance. 
We  have  uncovered  the  secrets  of  the 
waters,  the  secrets  of  the  rocks,  the 
secrets  of  the  stars.  The  school-boy  of 
today  knows  more  than  Sir  Isaac  New- 
ton ever  thought  of;  is  familiar  with 


92 

facts  of  nature  which  would  have 
astounded  that  prince  of  philosophers. 
We  have  invented  ways  of  economizing 
time,  and  space,  and  labour,  and  cost. 
We  no  longer  consult,  we  command  the 
winds  and  the  waves.  We  harness  the 
forces  of  nature  and  compel  them  to  do 
our  bidding,  we  flash  our  thought  or 
resolution  from  city  to  city  and  from 
continent  to  continent  with  the  rapidity 
of  lightning  and  with  the  accuracy  of  a 
mental  faculty. 

Now  all  these  changes  and  these  dis- 
placements of  the  old  by  the  new  have 
made  many  of  us  sceptical  of  the  value 
of  any  old  thing.  The  ways  our  father 
trod  are  overgrown  and  almost  indis- 
tinguishable, and  so  we  are  tempted  to 
think  that  the  principles  by  which  they 
lived  are  out  of  date  also.  We  have  a 
new  astronomy,  a  new  chemistry,  a  new 
physics ;  why  not  a  new  ethics  ? 

I  wonder  if  we  have  not  here  a  part 


93 

explanation  at  least  of  our  loose  hold  of 
moral  obligations  and  our  slack  applica- 
tion of  them.  But  whether  or  not,  it  is 
true  that  our  sense  of  moral  values  has 
lost  its  fine  edge.  We  too  as  well  as  the 
German  people  were  coming  to  think  too 
much  of  natural  law  and  too  little  of 
moral  law,  too  much  of  the  material  and 
too  little  of  the  spiritual.  We  were 
paying  so  much  attention  to  the  sciences 
pure  and  applied,  to  chemistry,  phys- 
ics, and  physiology  that  we  had  little 
time  to  give  to  the  ten  commandments, 
the  sermon  on  the  mount,  the  Lord's 
prayer  and  the  Golden  Rule.  We  too 
were  beginning  to  prize  efficiency  above 
fidelity ;  to  be  more  concerned  with  ends 
than  scrupulous  as  to  the  means  of  at- 
taining them,  and  to  place  brilliant 
achievement  above  invincible  obedience 
to  the  will  of  God. 

This  being  so,  then  even  war  is  not 
too  costly,  if  in  lieu  of  gentler  methods 


94  THE    WOELD    WAR    ANT> 

which  have  failed,  IT  stir  our  dormant 
moral  consciousness  into  proper  recog- 
nition of  moral  values.  In  spite  of  all 
its  horrors  it  will  have  proved  a  blessing 
in  disguise. 

All  that  has  happened  before  our  eyes 
the  past  three  years  and  a  half,  the 
faithless  violations  of  treaties,  the  im- 
pudent repudiation  of  international 
agreements,  the  disregard  of  all  law 
human  and  divine,  the  disregard  of  the 
piteous  appeals  of  suffering  peoples  for 
mercy,  the  ferocities,  cruelties,  inhuman 
barbarities  committed  by  a  nation  pro- 
fessing to  be  civilized,  has  stirred  us 
as  nothing  else  could  stir  us  to  a  review 
and  if  need  be  to  a  revision  of  our  easy 
moral  code ;  has  stirred  into  activity  our 
power  of  moral  indignation  which  had 
become  flabby,  has  put  an  edge  on  our 
blunted  regard  for  righteous  dealing, 
and  has  given  us  a  fresh  vision  of  the 
pricelessness  of  honour  and  truth. 


THE    ROAD    TO    PEACE  95 

"  Blow,  bugles,  blow !  they  brought  us  for  our 

dearth 

Holiness,  lacked  so  long,  and  Love  and  Pain. 
Honour  has  come  back  as  a  King  to  earth 
And  paid  his  subject  with  a  royal  wage, 
And  nobleness  walks  in  our  ways  again 
And  we  have  come  into  our  heritage." 


VII 

THE    REAL    KOAD    TO    PEACE 

SOONER  or  later  this  war  will  come 
to  an  end.  We  believe  it  will  end 
right.  There  will  be  no  let-up  on  the 
part  of  the  allies  until  the  Teutonic 
powers  are  beaten  down,  brought  to 
terms,  and  compelled  to  atone  (as  far  as 
atonement  is  possible)  for  their  barbaric 
crimes  against  the  world.  Then  and  not 
till  then  there  will  be  peace;  that 
is  to  say,  there  will  be  a  cessation  of 
hostilities.  Fighting  will  cease.  There 
will  be  an  end  to  bloodshed  and  slaugh- 
ter. The  various  contending  armies 
will  be  demobilized.  The  forces  in  the 
field  will  be  returned  to  their  homes  and 

will  resume  once  again  their  places  in 
96 


THE    KOAD    TO    PEACE  97 

the  various  departments  of  peaceful  in- 
dustry. There  will  also  be  in  due  time 
a  resumption  of  commercial  relations 
and  later  on,  when  the  bitterness  pro- 
duced by  the  war  has  passed,  there  will 
be  a  renewal  of  social  relations  between 
the  peoples  who  have  been  shedding  each 
other's  blood. 

1.  We  all  want  it.  It  is  the  thing 
we  talk  about  and  pray  for ;  and  nobody 
wishes  more  or  prays  harder  for  it  than 
the  men  on  our  fighting  ships  and  in  the 
trenches.  But  ardently  as  we  all  desire 
it  and  devoutly  as  we  pray  for  it,  we 
will  not  be  content  with  a  peace  secured 
by  surrender  or  by  compromise  or  by 
negotiations.  We  may  if  we  will  have 
peace  tomorrow,  that  is  to  say,  we 
may  if  we  will  have  an  end  of 
hostilities.  If  we  want  peace  so 
badly  as  to  be  willing  to  pay  his  price 
for  it,  the  Hun  will  grant  it  to  us,  and 
will  undertake  on  certain  conditions  to 


98  THE    WORLD    WAB   AND 

leave  us  undisturbed  in  the  enjoyment 
of  it.  But  we  do  not  allow  ourselves  to 
talk  or  think  of  such  a  peace.  We  are 
not  ready  to  barter  our  birthright  for 
a  mess  of  pottage.  We  will  have  noth- 
ing short  of  peace  with  honour;  peace 
based  on  righteousness  and  wedded  to 
liberty.  The  Teutonic  powers  are  more 
than  ready  to  make  peace,  and  are  quite 
willing  to  enter  into  a  covenant  of  peace 
with  the  nations  against  which  they 
have  made  war.  But  of  what  value 
would  their  signatures  be  to  any  pact? 
By  their  outrageous  disregard  of  former 
pledges  they  have  forfeited  the  confi- 
dence of  all  civilized  nations.  And  to 
trust  the  word  of  the  military  masters 
of  Germany  until  they  have  repented 
and  brought  forth  fruit  meet  for  repen- 
tance would  be  as  absurdly  foolish  as 
to  build  a  city  in  the  crater  of  an  in- 
active volcano  which  for  the  moment  ap- 
pears to  be  harmless.  The  resultant 


THE    ROAD    TO    PEACE  99 

peace  would  at  best  be  only  a  truce  to 
be  treacherously  ended  at  the  conven- 
ience of  a  foe  who  has  proved  himself 
so  utterly  faithless  to  all  former  treaty 
obligations. 

2.  But  when  the  German  menace  to 
the  independence  of  the  world  has  been 
abolished,  and  the  German  will  to  dom- 
inate the  world  has  been  destroyed,  and 
the  wrongs  which  have  threatened  the 
liberty  of  the  world  have  been  redressed, 
then  what?  How  can  all  further  dan- 
ger of  war  be  averted  ?  By  what  means 
can  a  universal  and  permanent  peace 
based  on  righteousness  be  established 
and  maintained  ?  Some  of  our  more  in- 
fluential leaders  strongly  recommend  as 
a  preventive  of  war  and  a  promoter  of 
peace,  a  fresh  and  final  definition  of 
national  frontiers  which  shall  be  de- 
fended with  bristling  guns.  In  other 
words,  each  nation  must  be  prepared  for 
war  in  order  to  make  sure  of  peace.  But 


100  THE    WORLD    WAB 

there  are  serious  objections  to  the  adop- 
tion of  this  way  to  peace.  In  the  first 
place,  the  enormous  cost  of  the  plan 
would  doom  the  peoples  to  perpetual 
poverty,  and  besides  the  peace  secured 
by  this  method  would  after  all  be  but  a 
strained  concordat.  That  is  not  a  very 
high  order  of  peace  which  reigns  be- 
tween men  who  envy  one  another  and 
are  ready  to  fly  at  each  other's  throats, 
being  prevented  from  doing  so  only  by 
the  impassable  barriers  which  separate 
them.  Burglar  alarms  and  loaded  re- 
volvers do  afford  us  a  sort  of  protection 
and  peace,  but  a  peace  after  all  which 
we  can  enjoy  only  with  fear  and  trem- 
bling—  the  kind  of  peace  which  the 
wives  and  children  of  long  ago  enjoyed 
while  the  men  folks  kept  guard  on  the 
hills  against  the  inroads  of  Indian  sav- 
ages. 

3.  Others   propose   a  way  of  peace 
by  the  abolition  of  all  frontiers  which 


THE    ROAD    TO    PEACE  101 

hereafter  shall  be  mere  imaginary  lines, 
and  by  the  amalgamation  of  the  peoples 
under  a  uniform  system  of  government. 
Such  a  proposal  is  about  as  fatuous  as 
the  kind  of  religious  union  which  some 
good  people  are  hysterically  striving  to 
bring  about.  Pan-christian  conventions 
are  periodically  arranged,  and  are  at- 
tended by  bishops  and  clergy  and  laity 
of  the  various  denominations,  who  get 
together,  fraternize,  and  have  a  sweet 
millennial  time.  They  talk  and  pray 
and  resolve  in  the  interests  of  unity, 
thinking  that  if  only  all  churches  could 
agree  to  repeat  the  same  creed,  and  use 
the  same  prayer  book,  and  appear  in  the 
same  vestments,  and  adopt  the  same  sac- 
ramental forms,  and  submit  to  the  same 
discipline  and  government  there  would 
be  unity  and  peace.  They  fail  to  see 
that  even  if  all  this  that  they  aspire 
after  should  come  to  pass  the  resultant 
peace  might  not  after  all  be  much  better 


102  THE    WOELD    WAE   AND 

than  that  which  prevails  in  the  family 
vault.  They  seem  to  have  forgotten 
that  just  this  very  kind  of  unanimity 
and  uniformity  obtained  in  Christen- 
dom some  centuries  ago,  and  that  this 
was  the  time  when  the  church  was  the 
deadest.  There  was  a  kind  of  peace, 
but  there  was  a  lamentable  absence  of 
life,  and  action,  and  ambition,  and 
achievement.  But  just  as  soon  as  there 
were  the  stirrings  of  life  in  the  valley  of 
dry  bones  and  men  began  to  think  and 
move  once  more,  the  uniformity  was 
broken  up  and  war  ensued.  If  we  can 
imagine  that  the  nations  —  weary  and 
exhausted  by  war  —  could  be  made  to 
forget  differences  and  to  unite  under  one 
flag,  be  it  that  of  universal  autocracy, 
or  democracy,  or  socialism,  in  no  time 
at  all,  unless  fused  together  by  some 
mighty  irresistible  spiritual  power,  ri- 
valries and  contentions  would  spring  up 


THE   EOAD    TO    PEACE  103 

and  there  would  be  a  renewal  of  hostil- 
ities. 

4.  A  more  promising  program  for  the 
promotion  of  peace  among  the  nations 
and  one  in  which  many  of  us  have  put 
great  faith  is  that  of  the  Peace  Soci- 
eties which  have  been  in  operation  for 
many  years.  These  societies  have  num- 
bered in  their  membership  many  of  our 
prominent  and  gifted  men  who  have 
assembled  themselves  together  at  fre- 
quent intervals  to  talk  peace,  and  to  de- 
vise ways  and  means  whereby  the  public 
should  be  enlightened  and  brought  into 
active  sympathy  with  a  movement  look- 
ing to  the  settlement  of  all  disputes  — 
national  and  international  —  by  arbi- 
tration. The  movement  gained  rapid 
headway  —  one  of  the  outward  and  vis- 
ible signs  of  its  prosperity  and  power 
being  the  erection  of  a  magnificent  peace 
temple  at  The  Hague,  the  gift  of  a 


104  THE    WORLD    WAR    AND 

wealthy  and  enthusiastic  member  of  the 
organization.  Other  societies  similar 
in  character  and  purpose  to  the  one 
which  has  flourished  in  this  country 
were  organized  in  several  of  the  Euro- 
pean states  and  enlisted  the  approval 
and  support  of  thoughtful  and  influen- 
tial people  everywhere,  who  like  our- 
selves had  an  unbounded  faith  in  their 
power  to  bring  about  a  condition  of  per- 
manent peace  among  the  nations.  Only 
one  more  thing  was  needed  to  complete 
the  efficiency  of  this  movement,  and  that 
was  the  binding  together  of  these  sep- 
arate and  already  powerful  organiza- 
tions in  one  international  body.  But  at 
the  very  moment  when  this  union  was 
about  to  be  consummated,  in  spite  of 
all  our  faith  and  hopes,  the  bloodiest 
and  most  disastrous  war  ever  seen  on 
this  planet  broke  out  and  the  various 
Peace  Societies  which  promised  such 


THE    ROAD    TO    PEACE  105 

great  things  were  blown  to  bits  by  the 
explosion. 

5.  And  now  in  place  of  this  a  brand 
new  society  has  been  organized  on  an 
entirely  different  basis,  whose  object  is 
to  bring  about  and  maintain  permanent 
peace  by  force.  The  organization  is 
known  as  "  The  League  for  the  Enforce- 
ment of  Peace."  When  it  gets  under 
way  there  will  be  no  more  eruptions. 
Lids  are  to  be  fitted  and  screwed  down 
on  all  craters.  The  underworld  may 
boil  but  it  can  have  no  vent.  The 
various  nations  are  to  unite  in  legis- 
lating into  existence  a  police  force  which 
will  do  for  the  world  at  large  what  the 
police  do  for  a  city  by  proving  them- 
selves a  terror  to  evil  doers.  The  pact 
of  peace  once  signed  any  nation  show- 
ing symptoms  of  disloyalty  is  to  be 
watched  and  if  guilty  of  an  overt  breach 
of  the  peace  is  to  be  indicted,  convicted 


106  THE    WOBLD    WAR   AND 

and  punished.  Peace  by  the  forcible 
suppression  of  the  peacebreaker  is  the 
gist  of  the  scheme. 

The  experiment  may  prove  well 
worth  while.  It  will  be  interesting  to 
watch  how  this  new  legislation  will 
work.  Its  operation  will  certainly  have 
the  spice  of  variety,  the  culprit  of  today 
being  one  of  the  jury  tomorrow.  The 
plan  may  secure  us  a  kind  of  peace,  but 
not  quite  the  peace  we  need  and  most  de- 
sire. The  mother  may  enjoy  the  quiet 
but  hardly  the  peace  which  reigns  in  the 
house  while  Young  Irrepressible  is  do- 
ing time  in  the  closet.  But  we  may 
surely  aspire  to  a  higher  kind  of  peace 
and  follow  a  better  road  to  it  than  that 
afforded  by  legislation,  national  or  in- 
ternational. Law  at  its  best  can  only 
muzzle  the  vicious  dog;  it  cannot  cure 
his  viciousness.  It  may  restrain  the 
horse's  heels  with  kicking  straps  but  it 
cannot  cure  his  evil  temper.  It  may 


THE   EOAD    TO    PEACE  107 

clip  the  tiger's  claws  but  it  cannot 
change  the  tiger's  nature.  Law  may  be 
able  to  clear  a  devil  out  of  the  house,  and 
sweep  and  garnish  it,  but  it  cannot  pre- 
vent seven  or  more  other  devils  from 
entering  in.  Regulations  and  restraints 
imposed  by  law  are  a  social  necessity 
under  existing  conditions,  but  the  most 
and  the  best  they  can  accomplish  in  the 
direction  of  peace  is  to  carry  on  an  in- 
exorable and  unending  war  against  the 
law-breaker.  Before  the  world  can 
have  the  peace  it  needs  and  longs  for 
the  fires  of  evil  passion  must  be  subdued, 
and  the  will  to  do  wrong  broken  down. 
But  to  try  to  compass  these  ends  by 
legislation  would  be  as  foolish  and  futile 
as  to  try  to  extinguish  Vesuvius  with  a 
garden  hose  or  to  demolish  Gibraltar 
with  a  pop-gun. 

6.  Seeing  the  hopelessness  of  secur- 
ing a  righteous  and  permanent  peace  by 
either  of  these  methods,  many  of  us  are 


108  THE    WOULD    WAB    AND 

putting  our  faith  in  education  as  a  pan- 
acea for  the  world's  ills.  Men  are 
quarrelsome  and  blood-thirsty  because 
they  are  ignorant.  Educate  and  en- 
lighten them  and  they  will  not  only  be- 
come peaceable,  but  peace  makers.  But 
highly  as  we  prize  the  benefits  of  educa- 
tion and  knowledge,  the  theory  that  they 
are  not  merely  a  specific  but  a  cure-all 
and  an  effective  preventor  of  war  is  dis- 
credited by  the  fact  that  the  best  edu- 
cated nation  on  the  earth  today  is  the 
most  warlike,  and  not  only  so  but  the 
most  cruel  in  its  practice  of  the  art  of 
war. 

Knowledge  after  all  is  but  a  weapon ; 
a  weapon  that  may  be  wielded  by  a  bad 
man  or  a  good  man  for  purposes  of  de- 
struction or  for  purposes  of  construc- 
tion. The  educated  man  is  armed,  but 
if  knowledge  is  all  that  his  education 
has  given  him,  he  is  not  full  armed  for 
the  highest  achievements  of  life.  When 


THE    ROAD    TO    PEACE  109 

a  boy  has  completed  his  schooling  you 
are  not  dead  sure  whether  he  will  put 
the  schooling  to  good  or  bad  uses; 
whether  you  have  prepared  him  to  make 
an  honourable  livelihood  and  to  be  a 
blessing  to  the  community,  or  to  write 
iniquity  and  read  putrescence  and  to 
figure  up  the  difference  between  his 
small  income  and  the  enormous  one  of 
the  man  next  door.  The  doctor's  knowl- 
edge of  physiology,  of  hygiene  and 
drugs  does  not  keep  him  from  abusing 
his  body.  Nor  does  the  lawyer's  knowl- 
edge of  law  prevent  him  from  becoming 
a  law  breaker.  A  man's  education  may 
multiply  his  power  for  peace  if  he  be  a 
man  of  peace,  or  it  may  multiply  his 
power  to  kill  his  fellowmen  if  he  be  a 
man  of  war.  Education  has  not  made 
Potsdam  pacific,  because  to  the  mind 
of  a  German  knowledge  and  morality 
are  as  mutually  exclusive  as  frost  and 
fire.  Germany  —  the  schoolroom  of 


110  THE    WOELD    WAR   AND 

the  world  —  has  subsidized  the  school- 
room, the  university,  the  professor,  the 
doctor  of  divinity,  the  student  in  the 
interests  of  war.  Education  of  itself 
does  not  make  men  less  proud,  less 
haughty,  less  arrogant,  less  intolerant  of 
their  fellows.  At  best  it  but  drapes 
with  a  thin  disguise  his  natural  sav- 
agery, while  it  enables  him  to  convert 
the  arts  of  peace  into  the  most  deadly 
devices  for  destruction. 

Education,  legislation,  arbitration, 
leagues  for  the  enforcement  of  peace  — 
all  good  as  far  as  they  go  —  are  inade- 
quate to  the  end  they  aim  at  because 
they  all  work  on  the  outside.  They 
deal  with  symptoms  and  not  with  the 
disease.  They  fail  and  must  fail  of  a 
cure  because  they  attempt  to  treat  the 
patient  for  some  cutaneous  affliction 
when  the  real  trouble  of  the  sufferer  is 
disease  of  the  heart. 

7.  What  the  world  needs  for  the  pro- 


THE    BOAD    TO    PEACE  111 

motion  of  peace  is  power  to  change  men. 
When  that  power  is  brought  to  bear  on 
society  we  shall  have  peace,  permanent 
peace.  Change  men  and  their  laws  will 
be  changed.  Make  men  just  and  their 
laws  will  be  just.  Make  men  kindly 
and  the  social  order  will  be  kindly.  Let 
this  new  power  infiltrate  the  people,  and 
then  war  will  not  only  be  averted  but 
war  will  be  impossible.  There  will  be 
differences  of  opinion  still,  diversities 
of  gifts,  differences  of  organization  and 
of  administration,  but  there  will  be 
peace,  just  as  peace  reigns  between  the 
diverse  organ  and  functions  of  the  hu- 
man body. 

What  is  this  power  which  promises 
to  pacify  the  world  and  put  an  end  to 
strife?  It  is  the  power  of  the  Gospel 
of  Jesus  Christ.  Nineteen  centuries 
ago  He  the  Prince  of  Peace  came  an- 
nouncing his  program  to  the  world. 
Kighteousness  was  the  girdle  of  his 


112  THE    WOBLD    WAS    AND 

loins  and  faithfulness  the  girdle  of  his 
reins.  He  did  not  call  out  his  program 
on  the  highways  or  introduce  it  with 
noisy  demonstration.  Neither  beating 
of  drums  nor  blare  of  trumpets  an- 
nounced his  appearance.  His  doctrine 
dropped  as  the  rain  and  his  speech  dis- 
tilled as  the  dew.  He  did  not  cry  or 
lift  up  or  cause  his  voice  to  be  heard  in 
the  streets.  His  expectation  of  the  ul- 
timate success  of  his  program  though 
confident  was  modest.  While  taking 
for  granted  that  it  would  win  ascend- 
ancy in  the  long  run,  he  foresaw  that 
its  progress  would  be  slow ;  but  he  could 
bide  his  time.  One  day  with  him  was 
as  a  thousand  years  and  a  thousand 
years  as  one  day.  A  few  faithful  fol- 
lowers were  all  he  could  boast  of  at  the 
close  of  his  earthly  career,  but  these 
few  were  men  of  faith  who  won  other 
converts,  and  these  in  their  turn  still 
others  until  as  the  years  and  the  cen- 


THE    EOAD    TO    PEACE  113 

turies  came  and  went,  the  disciples  of 
Jesus  were  numbered  by  millions  — 
visionary  men  and  women  if  you  please, 
idealists,  dreamers  of  dreams  —  who,  no 
longer  deceived  by  the  gospel  of  force, 
the  gospel  of  hate,  the  gospel  of  selfish- 
ness, the  proud  gospel  of  human  effi- 
ciency, were  committed  to  that  Kingdom 
into  which  the  glory  of  the  nation  would 
yet  be  brought.  They  foresaw  that  all 
kings  should  yet  bow  the  knee  before 
this  Prince  of  Peace,  and  that  on  his 
head  would  be  many  crowns  —  the 
crown  of  politics,  of  commerce,  of  sci- 
ence, of  art,  of  literature,  and  that  under 
his  gentle  but  omnipotent  sway  war 
would  cease  unto  the  ends  of  the  earth, 
and  that  the  matin  of  the  angels  heard 
over  the  fields  of  Bethlehem  would  in 
the  fulness  of  time  be  chanted  around 
the  world. 

But  many  of  the  adherents  of  Jesus 
in  these  days  have  grown  sceptical  con- 


114  THE    WORLD    WAR    AND 

earning  the  efficiency  of  his  scheme  for 
the  woes  of  mankind.  They  have  stud- 
ied it  with  interest,  have  been  attracted 
by  it,  have  admired  it,  but  they  have 
come  to  lose  faith  in  it  as  a  practical 
solution  of  the  hard,  unrelenting  and 
inveterately  hostile  conditions  that  curse 
humanity.  Christianity  has  been  on 
trial  for  nineteen  centuries  and  seems 
to  have  failed  as  a  promised  panacea 
against  the  evil  forces  which  continue 
to  disturb  the  peace  of  the  nations. 

And  others  of  us  find  our  faith 
strained  almost  to  the  breaking  point 
by  the  delayed  success  of  Jesus'  pro- 
gram. Like  a  weary  bird  flying  into  an 
icy  air  our  faith  grows  afraid  and 
faint,  and  we  are  tempted  to  ask  where 
is  the  promise  of  the  coming  of  the 
kingdom  of  peace  ? 

Now  it  will  help  to  revive  and  rein- 
vigorate  our  faith  if,  curbing  our  im- 
patience, we  ponder  seriously  and  fre- 


THE    BOAD    TO    PEACE  115 

quently  two  or  three  plain  but  important 
facts : 

In  the  first  place,  the  fact  that  Jesus 
nowhere  holds  out  the  hope  that  the 
progress  of  His  Kingdom  in  the  world 
would  be  rapid.  He  Himself  had  no 
such  expectation.  On  the  other  hand 
he  understood  and  gave  his  disciples  to 
understand  that  the  growth  of  his 
Kingdom  would  be  slow;  that  it  would 
come  without  observation  —  first  the 
blade,  then  the  ear,  then  the  full  corn 
in  the  ear.  Unlike  mechanical,  spir- 
itual forces  work  slowly.  We  can  erect 
in  a  few  months  structures  ample 
enough  to  house  thousands  of  men  and 
thus  provide  for  their  physical  com- 
fort, but  it  is  a  different  matter  when  we 
come  to  make  saints  of  thousands  of  sin- 
ners. Given  forces  enough,  a  great  mili- 
tary genius  like  Xapoleon  can  plough 
Europe  with  cannon  shot  and  in  a  short 
time  conquer  a  continent,  but  to  win 


116  THE    WORLD    WAR    AND 

the  affection  and  devotion  of  a  dis- 
obedient and  rebellious  people,  that 
is  beyond  him.  Comparing  spiritual 
things  with  natural  we  see  how  the 
higher  and  more  complex  the  result, 
the  longer  the  time  consumed  in  its 
development.  It  takes  months  for  the 
seed  cast  into  the  furrow  to  become  a 
harvest  of  golden  grain;  and  years  for 
the  little  babe  to  become  a  stalwart  man ; 
and  centuries  for  the  hollow  log  to  grow 
into  the  ocean  greyhound,  or  for  a 
country  sparsely  peopled  by  savages  to 
become  a  populous  nation  of  millions  of 
civilized  men.  It  took  millenniums  for 
the  hope  begotten  in  the  heart  of  a 
prophet  to  ripen  into  reality  in  the  in- 
carnation of  Jesus.  Why  then  wonder 
and  lose  heart  because  the  spiritual  con- 
quest of  the  world  through  gentleness, 
patience  and  love  should  progress  so 
tardily. 

A  second  fact  we  would  do  well  to 


THE    ROAD    TO    PEACE  117 

ponder  is  that  slow  as  the  progress  of 
the  Kingdom  must  from  its  very  nature 
be,  it  has  been  seriously  retarded  by  the 
perfidy  of  the  very  organization  to 
which  Jesus  committed  its  fortunes. 
That  organization  is  known  as  the 
Church.  As  long  as  the  Church  ad- 
hered to  and  was  inspired  and  con- 
trolled by  the  simple  principles  of  its 
founder  she  made  rapid  progress.  She 
outstripped  in  celerity  the  marches  of 
an  Alexander.  Within  a  brief  period 
she  had  planted  the  standard  of  the 
Cross  in  most  of  the  important  capitals 
of  Europe  and  Asia  Minor.  By  faith 
the  followers  of  Jesus  subdued  king- 
doms, wrought  righteousness,  stopped 
the  mouths  of  lions,  quenched  the  vio- 
lence of  fire.  Even  a  Christian  Em- 
peror occupied  the  throne  of  the 
Csesars.  Rome,  that  moral  cesspool  of 
the  nations,  began  to  feel  the  cleansing 
power  of  the  Gospel ;  her  .temples  which 


118  THE    WORLD    WAB    AND 

were  brothels  were  turned  into  pure 
sanctuaries,  her  priests  —  the  ministers 
of  vice  —  became  zealous  preachers  of 
righteousness.  Gladiatorial  shows  and 
Eleusinian  mysteries  were  supplanted 
by  moral  and  spiritual  services.  Her 
women  who  had  been  slaves,  and  her 
slaves  who  had  been  ill-used  cattle  came 
to  be  regarded  and  treated  as  human 
beings. 

But  by  and  by  the  Church  designed 
to  remain  separate  from  the  world  be- 
came merged  in  the  world.  She  became 
inoculated  with  the  world's  philosophy, 
became  mixed  in  politics  and  infected 
by  worldly  ambition.  Controversies 
arose  which  splintered  her  into  frag- 
ments and  weakened  her  influence. 
Her  lust  for  political  aggrandizement 
and  power  paralyzed  her.  Forgetting 
her  mission  which  was  to  redeem  men 
from  sin,  she  made  converts  by  force, 
and  drove  them  to  baptism  by  the  power 


THE    ROAD    TO    PEACE  119 

of  the  sword.  The  meek  and  lowly 
Jesus  was  no  longer  represented  by  a 
Paul  who  was  aflame  with  a  passion  for 
souls;  or  a  John  who  walked  in  inti- 
mate fellowship  with  his  Master,  or  by 
a  Barnabas  the  son  of  consolation ;  but 
by  a  Hildebrand  or  an  Innocent  — 
haughty,  arrogant,  tyrannical,  cruel, 
lustful,  before  whose  swaggering  au- 
thority Kings  must  come  on  their 
knees. 

To  be  sure  during  all  this  period  of 
degeneracy  a  remnant  was  preserved 
who  kept  the  pure  fires  of  devotion 
alive  in  caves  and  dens  of  the  earth, 
in  catacombs  and  in  secret  places. 
Now  and  then  a  saintly  hero  like 
Savonarola  would  arise  to  denounce  the 
corruption  of  the  times  and  defy  the 
Vatican  with  its  wriggling  minions. 
Reformations  too  and  revivals  occurred 
at  intervals  in  the  history  of  the  Church 
which  in  a  measure  cleansed  the  clogged 


120  THE    WORLD    WAR    AND 

channel  through  which  the  pure  water 
of  life  was  meant  to  flow  for  the  healing 
of  the  nations.  And  yet  the  most  loyal 
Churchman  of  us  must  acknowledge 
that  there  is  still  a  good  bit  of  the  road 
of  repentance  to  travel  before  the 
Church  gets  back  to  the  simple  charter 
which  alone  justifies  her  existence. 

Meanwhile  deploring  as  we  must  this 
shameful  record  of  the  Church  and  see- 
ing as  we  do  how  her  aberrations  have 
seriously  hindered  a  more  rapid  realiza- 
tion of  the  program  of  Jesus  we  will 
not  fail  to  remember  that  these  grave 
and  disgraceful  departures  of  the 
Church  from  the  faith  once  for  all  de- 
livered to  the  saints  are  not  chargeable 
to  Christianity.  The  perversions,  dis- 
tortions, and  corruptions  which  dis- 
figure the  history  of  the  Church ;  the 
clericalism,  priestism,  sacerdotalism, 
and  tawdry  symbolisms  which  have 
crept  into  the  life  of  the  church  are 


THE    ROAD    TO    PEACE  121 

no  more  an  essential  feature  of 
Christianity  than  barnacles  are  an  es- 
sential feature  of  the  structure  of  a 
ship,  or  than  leprosy  is  an  essential 
feature  of  the  human  form  divine. 
The  purity  of  the  spring  is  not  dis- 
credited because  the  stream  which  flows 
from  it  is  fouled  miles  away  from  its 
source.  Nor  are  the  purity,  vitality  and 
power  of  Christianity  discredited  by  the 
ghastly  caricatures  of  it  which  the  cor- 
rupted church  has  from  time  to  time 
presented  to  the  world. 

Still  another  thing  we  have  to  bear 
in  mind  as  we  wonder  and  ponder  over 
the  delay  of  the  Kingdom  of  peace  is 
that  while  the  church  has  gotten  rid 
of  many  of  the  abuses  which  have  in- 
capacitated her  as  an  instrument  of  the 
power  of  Jesus  she  has  yet  in  large 
measure  to  learn  to  mind  her  own 
business  and  to  attend  to  the  one  thing 
which  has  been  given  her  to  do.  Jesus 


122  THE    WORLD    WAR    AND 

said :  "  As  the  Father  hath  sent  me 
into  the  world,  so  send  I  you  into  the 
world."  He  has  left  us  in  no  doubt  as 
to  his  purpose  in  coming  into  the  world 
—  a  purpose  which  he  never  lost  sight 
of,  and  from  which  he  was  not  to  be 
diverted.  He  came  to  save  sinners;  to 
seek  and  to  save  the  lost;  to  give  re- 
pentance to  men  and  the  remission  of 
their  sins.  Men  were  slaves  and  he 
came  to  set  them  free.  They  were 
spiritually  dead  and  he  came  to  give 
them  life.  They  were  blind  and  he 
came  to  open  their  eyes.  They  were 
selfish,  wilful,  unrighteous,  cruel,  and 
he  came  to  restore  them  to  moral 
sanity.  They  were  lost  sheep  and  he 
came  to  bring  them  in  out  of  the  wild 
pasture  and  out  of  the  stormy  night. 

This  was  his  mission  and  this  is  the 
mission  of  the  Church.  Never  was  the 
Church  numerically  stronger  than  she 
is  today.  Never  was  she  so  active  and 


THE    ROAD    TO    PEACE  123 

busy  as  at  present.  Never  were  so 
many  well-disposed  people  engaged  in 
works  of  philanthropy  and  benevolence 
as  now.  Never  were  men  more  intent 
on  the  business  of  softening  hard  con- 
ditions, relieving  distress,  feeding  the 
hungry,  clothing  the  naked,  visiting  the 
sick  than  today.  But  if  we  are  to  ac- 
cept the  New  Testament  definition  of 
the  Church  all  this  that  her  adherents 
are  so  largely  devoting  themselves  to 
must  be  regarded  as  but  an  incidental 
feature  of  her  great  commission,  just 
as  healing  the  sick  in  body,  opening 
blind  eyes,  cleansing  lepers,  feeding  the 
hungry  multitude  were  incidental 
features  of  Jesus'  mission.  He  did 
not  come  to  be  a  doctor,  or  a  lawyer,  or  a 
philanthropist,  or  a  dispenser  of  alms. 
He  came  to  make  bad  men  good,  un- 
righteous men  righteous,  heartless  men 
merciful,  impure  men  pure,  wandering 
prodigals  sons  of  God.  The  Church 


124  THE    WORLD    WAR    AND 

does  well  to  build  hospitals  and  alms 
houses,  to  fill  storehouses  for  the  sup- 
ply of  the  needy,  to  devise  better 
methods  for  the  care  of  men's  bodies 
and  the  education  of  their  minds;  but 
the  church  was  called  and  commissioned 
to  preach  the  Gospel  which  is  the  power 
of  God  unto  salvation,  the  power  of  God 
to  turn  men  from  wickedness,  from  self- 
ishness, from  pride,  from  the  lusts  of 
the  flesh.  The  Church  is  an  am- 
bassador with  instruction,  a  messenger 
with  a  message  which  she  has  been  ap- 
pointed to  deliver  to  all  men  —  the 
message  of  forgiveness,  of  love,  of  good 
will  and  peace.  Feed  men  and  they 
will  be  hungry  again ;  gratify  them  and 
they  will  be  ungrateful  again;  house 
them  and  they  will  be  improvident 
again ;  make  concession  after  concession 
and  they  will  demand  the  more.  The 
Gospel  which  Jesus  put  into  our  hands 
was  not  the  Gospel  of  improvement 


THE    ROAD    TO    PEACE  125 

merely,  the  Gospel  of  social  betterment, 
the  Gospel  of  soap  and  sand  paper,  a 
sort  of  remedial  measure  for  the  cure 
of  uncouthness,  a  sort  of  drapery  where- 
with to  disguise  men's  natural  feroci- 
ties. This  might  have  been  his  Gospel 
if  his  conception  of  sin  had  been  that 
of  many  of  us  —  a  fall  up,  an  in- 
teresting phase  of  moral  evolution;  a 
misfortune  at  the  very  worst;  the 
stumbling  of  a  blind  man ;  the  in- 
firmity of  a  defective  man.  But  look- 
ing upon  sin  as  the  most  awful  fact  in 
the  universe;  as  separation  from  God; 
as  alienation  from  the  highest  and  the 
holiest;  as  denial  and  defiance  of  all 
moral  restraints ;  as  that  thing  which  if 
uncontrolled  would  dethrone  God;  the 
remedy  Jesus  proposed  and  which  He 
commanded  the  church  to  proclaim 
must  match  the  disease  —  the  Gospel 
of  Moral  and  Spiritual  regeneration. 
Give  men  this  Gospel  and  then  the 


126  THE    EOAi     TO    PEACE 

rich  will  be  humble  and  the  poor 
will  be  content;  the  ferocious  will  be 
tamed  and  the  meek  will  come  into 
their  own;  the  great  and  the  strong  will 
kneel  by  the  side  of  the  ministering 
Christ  in  service  and  the  weak  will 
bless  and  not  curse.  The  frontiers  of 
the  nations  will  be  defined  by  walls  of 
salvation  and  gates  of  praise.  The  art 
of  war  shall  be  forgotten;  and  the  wolf 
shall  dwell  with  the  lamb,  and  the 
leopard  shall  lie  down  with  the  kid,  and 
the  calf  and  the  young  lion  and  the 
f  attling  together ;  and  a  little  child  shall 
lead  them. 


PRINTED    IN    THE    UNITED    STATES    OF    AMEEICA 


HTHE  following  pages  contain  advertisements 
of  a  few  of  the  Macmillan  books  on  kindred 
subjects. 


Through  War  to  Peace 

BY  ALBERT  G.  KELLER 

Professor  of  the  Science  of  Society  in  Yale 

University,  and  Author  of   "  Societal 

Evolution." 

Cloth,  isrno. 

Professor  Keller  discusses  the  present  war 
from  the  point  of  view  of  the  sociological,  or 
the  societal,  theory.  This  theory,  briefly,  is 
that  society  expands  by  developing  certain  cus- 
toms, manners  or  folk-ways.  Gradually  these 
customs  become  a  religion,  ultimately  develop- 
ing into  what  may  be  called  a  code.  There  has 
been  growing  up  an  international  code  of  re- 
cent years  and  the  progress  of  civilization  is 
determined  by  the  character  and  efficiency  of 
this  code.  The  Germans  marked  a  variation 
from  this  code  and  notably  during  the  last  few 
years  have  been  developing  a  code  of  their 
own,  sharply  opposed  to  that  of  civilization. 
The  present  war  is  then  regarded  as  an  in- 
evitable conflict  between  the  code  of  civiliza- 
tion and  the  German  variant.  Professor  Kel- 
ler writes  in  a  vigorous  and  popular  style,  pre- 
senting his  theoretical  and  rationalistic  sup- 
port of  the  American  cause  in  a  way  that  the 
average  reader  can  understand  and  appreciate. 


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Publishers      64-66  Fifth  Avenue      New  York 


TWO  BOOKS  BY  WALTER  E.  WEYL 

The  American 
World  Policies 

12*  $2.256. 

The  United  States  is  deeply  concerned  with 
the  peace  which  is  to  be  made  in  Europe,  and 
with  the  Great  Society  to  be  re-constituted 
after  the  war.  With  world  influence  come 
new  responsibilities,  opportunities  and  dan- 
gers. This  book  relates  our  foreign  policy  to 
our  internal  problems,  to  the  clash  of  indus- 
trial classes  and  of  political  parties,  to  the  de- 
cay of  sectionalism  and  the  slow  growth  of  a 
national  sense.  It  is  a  study  of  "  American- 
ism "  from  without  and  within. 

The  End  of  the  War 

Preparing 

Here  Dr.  Weyl  gives  us  a  new  interpreta- 
tion of  the  war  and  of  America's  entrance  into 
it.  He  points  out  the  end  toward  which  the 
war  is  moving  and  outlines  an  American  policy 
for  the  war  and  for  the  peace  which  is  to  fol- 
low it.  His  purpose  is  to  show  the  relation 
of  this  struggle  to  the  whole  history  of  Amer- 
ican thought  and  action,  and  to  forecast  the 
future  policy  of  this  country  toward  Europe 
and  the  world. 


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The  Soul  of  Democracy 

BY  EDWARD  HOWARD  GRIGGS 

Cloth,  i2mo.  $1.25 

What  at  bottom  does  the  war  mean?  Why 
has  it  been  our  war  from  the  beginning? 
Wnat  will  be  the  effect  of  the  war  upon  our 
social  philosophy  and  upon  the  future  of 
democracy?  These  are  the  questions  which 
this  volume  undertakes  to  answer.  The  re- 
spective values  of  democracy  and  paternalism 
for  efficiency,  endurance  and  finally  for  the 
welfare  and  progress  of  humanity  are  studied 
in  a  series  of  vital  chapters  culminating  in  an 
analysis  of  the  effect  of  the  war  upon  social- 
ism, feminism,  religion,  education  and  litera- 
ture. Those  who  have  heard  the  author's  pub- 
lic addresses  will  readily  realize  the  signifi- 
cance of  a  volume  embodying  his  whole  philos- 
ophy of  the  world's  struggle  with  its  effect 
upon  the  future. 


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America  Among  the  Nations 

BY  H.  H.  POWERS 

Author  of  "  The  Things  Men  Fight  For,"  etc. 

Cloth,  ismo,  $1.50 

To  arrive  at  an  estimate  of  national  char- 
acter from  the  homely  facts  of  our  national 
history,  is  the  purpose  of  this  volume,  as  ex- 
pressed by  the  author.  He  would,  too,  dis- 
card the  time-honored  prepossessions  and  epi- 
thets which  have  too  long  done  duty  with  us  as 
estimates  of  foreign  nations,  and  arrive  at  a 
juster  conclusion  based  on  their  actions.  In 
short,  he  says,  this  book  is  an  attempt  at  an 
Historic  interpretation  of  our  national  char- 
acter and  of  our  relation  to  other  nations. 
With  this  purpose  in  mind  he  devotes  the  first 
part  of  his  text  to  a  consideration  of  America 
at  home,  taking  up  such  topics  as,  The  First 
Americans ;  The  Logic  of  Isolation ;  The  Great 
Expansion ;  The  Break  with  Tradition ;  The 
Aftermath  of  Panama;  Pan-Americanism  and 
the  Dependence  of  the  Tropics.  The  second 
division  is  entitled  America  Among  the  World 
Powers,  and  considers  among  other  things : 
The  Greater  Powers;  The  Mongolian  Menace; 
Greater  Japan;  Germany,  The  Storm  Center; 
The  Greatest  Empire;  and  The  Greatest  Fel- 
lowship. 


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